Friday, November 29, 2019

Financial Management of Risk

There are numerous challenges entrepreneurs face seeking to succeed in business, in fact, these challenges are determined by the environment in which a business operates.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Financial Management of Risk specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, a business may be affected by either internal or external factors, whereby internal factors include factors emanating from the business structure, while external factors include those that are outside the business, and may emanate from other business organizations, or even political organization. For this reason, the choice of the environment is always critical when starting a business. Thus, the paper seeks to elaborate on the risk involved in moving business to Thailand or Louisiana, and review financial reports of Coca-Cola Company to highlight the management of risk involved in moving the business. Political instability in Thailand has b ecome a serious threat to business, thus entrepreneurs starting a business in this country face the risk of insecurity and violence (UK Trade and investment, 2012). Since the election in 2011, there have been incidences of unrest and bombings. On the other hand, the political structure in Louisiana is more stable compared to Thailand, hence providing a favorable business environment. Moreover, a significant factor affecting businesses in Thailand is bribery and corruption. Therefore, transferring a business to Thailand would mean that one has to take a significant risk hence discouraging foreign investors. In Louisiana, the levels of corruption are minimal, which is why it is more accommodating for investors than for Thailand (Coca cola Hellenic, 2012). In Louisiana, tax rates are higher as compared to those in Thailand; hence, transferring a business to this state would result to low returns and slow business growth. Consequently, this poses a limiting factor on investors, especial ly the small business entrepreneurs (Louisiana EDSP, 2012).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In business organizations, it is critical to establish factors limiting business success in order to have an organized approach to each of them, and aim at optimizing the revenue. These factors may be found within the business itself (internal factors), or outside the organization (external factors). However, there is a need to identify and deal with these factors because they are the key determinants of the business success. In this case, management is expected to compare company data obtained from various accounting periods, in order to identify the trend of business performance. In addition, managers also need to observe various changes in the market conditions during the financial periods to assist them in decision-making. A critical financial analysis of the Coca cola Company in dicates that there is a drastic fall in the revenue margins due to internal and external challenges the company is currently facing. An example of these internal factors is high manufacturing costs, which are contributing to high total costs resulting to low profits, and a substantial threat to the company (Verity, 2003). One of the external factors causing a drawback in the company progress is competition from other companies. There has been production of similar brands in the market such as PEPSI resulting to competition, which reduces the sales volume leading to low income. Moreover, a crucial factor is the political structures in the countries where products are sold. Since in some countries tax rates are high, there is an increase of price, which as a result, reduces demand leading to low sales, thus overall affecting the business negatively.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Financial Management of Risk specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/p age Learn More References Coca cola Hellenic. (2012). Financial Report: Coca cola Hellenic bottling Company, South America. Web. Louisiana EDSP. (2012). Louisiana Economic Development Strategic Plan 2012†2016. Web. UK Trade and investment. (2012). Overseas Business Risk-Thailand. Web. Verity, M. (2003). Mecca Cola challenges US rival. Web. This report on Financial Management of Risk was written and submitted by user Eva Ross to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Monday, November 25, 2019

buy custom When Nanotechnology Meets Robotics essay

buy custom When Nanotechnology Meets Robotics essay Nanotechnology has the capability of playing an influential part in the current inventions. This is because of wide area that nanorobotics can contribute to their development. These areas include medicine, classic home appliances, and the manufacturing industry. With the coming of this technology, it is essential that individuals with no idea of how Nanotechnology functions strive to become conversant with how they work. Despite research indicating this field to be a futuristic field, various experiments and studies have taken place at an advanced level. The ambition of making this field available to the public has pulled scientist together from various fields such as computer programming, medicine and engineering. Noticeably, this field of Nanorobotics has realized a rapid expansion and interest because of the benefits it avails to the medicine industry. However, not much development has been achieved in this field, but scientists in Japan and the United States have made a significa nt step. Nanotechnology will enhance the current technology in various fields such as the space exploration applications, systems that use X-ray photons, computer memory chips, Genome applications for manipulating the DNA, Cell Probes, and Optical antennas. Basing on the speculations that Nanotechnology and Nanorobotics will accomplish it sure will be the next trendy thing. Nanorobotics Nanorobotics is a term easily understood with those possessing technical knowledge in the field. However, Nanorobotics is a term that originates from two words, which are robotics and Nanotechnology. Therefore, for a thorough understanding of the topic, research asserts that definition for the words that contribute to the term Nanorobotics explained in detail. Nanotechnology, which contributes to the first part of the word Nanorobotics, refers to engineering that result in manufacturing or building of tiny machines at an atomic level. Two scientists namely Charles M. Lieber and Alexander Balandin orchestrated developments in this field. Their works were visible as early as 1959, and it was it the form of conceptualizations and theories. This field aims at reducing the size of structures or particles. It focuses on lessening the size of these structures and particles to the size, which humans naked eyes cannot visualize. The basic point is to reduce the size of large structures to tiny scales producing tiny objects. On the other hand, robotics been a field of engineering specializes in the theoretical and practical areas of several disciplines such as manufacturing, designing, and construction. However, it focuses on these areas on both moving and mobile machines. According to research, this field is not that developed like the Nanotechnology. This is because the theoretical perspectives of robots commenced practicality as recent as the 1960s. This concept has undergone significant growth that many industrial applications utilize robotics in their everyday works. In the home environment, though, no significant developments regarding robotics are recognized. Noticeably, Nikola Tesla has contributed immensely in promoting Robotics as a major field in engineering and science. The definition of Nanotechnology and Robotics helps understand Nanorobotics easily. Therefore, from the two definitions Nanorobotics entails the development of technology in engineering involving robotics and technology. It comprises of science and engineering of making tiny robots close to microscopic levels utilized in various practical fields. Significant milestone in Nanorobotics involve nanoids, nanorobots, which are also referred to as nanohumans. The Concept behind Nanotechnology According to an interview on nanotechnology and photonics by Veselago, the first step to achieving a functioning nanorobot is to come up with an assembly line containing nanorobots. Nanomachine are essential for these nanorobots, although it is estimated that these Nanomachines take a long time to b converted to fully functioning nanorobots. The nanomachines are instrumental though in reduction of manufacturing time through replication and formation of many assemblers, which aid in coming up with Nanorobot in the shortest period possible. Research asserts that the advantage associated with the many assemblers is that they can manipulate a structure at the level of molecules and atoms, which eventually enable a machine to work (Bhatia). The book Nanomedicine and Nanorobotics assert that nanotechnology is essential for research purposes. This is through the things that can be conceptualized through Nanotechnology. For instance, Sattler indicates in his book that scientists can conceptualize an insect smaller in size than an ant. This is christened a mechanized Microant, which comes in different designs and models. Such a Microant will contain eyes fitted with cameras essential for feeding the researchers back with information, as this Microant can be send to deeper grounds for purposes of research. Further reports from the book indicate that the conceptualized insect should be able to go as deep as ten kilometers beneath the earths surface, and it should do this through finding cracks beneath the ground and avoiding blocked passages. This is a great discovery in the field of science, as it opens up new areas that were inaccessible for research (Veselago). Nanorobotics also plays an essential role in the field of medicine. The book Nanomedicine and Nanorobotics assert that scientists have been able to come up with DNA strands. The book also indicates that, with further research in the area of Nanomedicine, scientist will achieve milestones in the medical area that seem like unachievable dreams now. Some of the feats that can be achieved in the medical area include repairing of torn tissues, curing of cancerous growths, and creation of artificial blood. Another key area in medicine where Nanotechnology influences medicine immensely is through Nanobots. The picture below depicts the stream of Nanobots on the human body. Nanobots form a significant milestone in the field of medicine through the combination of Nanotechnology and Robotics. With nanobots, different applications significant for treatment are present. With these applications at hand, research asserts that it is easier to treat organisms present in the human body that cannot be located through the use of surgery. Noticeably, this will enable doctors in keeping at bay diseases that are hard to treat such as diabetes and cancer. Sattler also indicates in his book that, with the approval of nanotechnology, the fight against cancer will be worn because of the effectiveness and ease associated with nanorobots. This effectiveness and ease associated with nanorobots is because of their capability, to fight cancer cells directly while at the same time reducing the side-effects associated with cancer. Predictions indicate that curing of cancer and other malignant diseases will improve further because research has extended further to the nanoscopic field. Other prospective areas where nanobots utilization will take place include environmental clean-ups involving oil and water pollution and toxic wastes on land or water like oil spills. Nanobots will be utilized by industries in the creation of materials requiring artificial and specified finishing. Making of artificial materials will become safer through the use of nanobots. There will a significant achievement technology wise as predictions of advancement in computer chips, Microscopic parts of the mobile phone with powerful processors. All these will be achieved through the conceptualized applications of Nanobots. There is also an indication that nanobots will aid in manufacturing of foods. This will be a significant milestone because that will mean elimination of famine and deaths caused by famine. An immense improvement in other fields that is predicted with the coming of this technology includes plastic materials, car paints,, and stronger building structures. However, several implications will arise with the adoption of nanotechnology. These include health and environmental issues described as unintended. For instance, a dangerous product associated with nanotechnology involves silver nanoparticles. Research indicates that these silver nanoparticles are bacteriostatic in nature, and they harm beneficial bacteria essential for the breakage of organic matter in plants and farms. Another implication associated with nanotechnology is the carbon nanotubes, which are harmful to humans especially when inhaled. Research indicates that they do have the capability of causing mesothelioma. Therefore, a thorough regulation from the governments will be necessary to ensure that nanotechnology is utilized to safe extents and that nanoparticles is not overused in organic foods. Other areas that form risks associated with nanotechnology include networked cameras, weapons of mass destruction, and faster development of other weapons. This forms a risk because nanotechnology basic indicate that if nanotechnology is utilized in these areas, countries will posses weapons of mass destruction not traceable by the UN, which poses a security threat to the world. The capability of making many weapons at a time will also promote violence between ethnic groups and countries. The use of networked cameras will promote a lot of spying leading to conflicts between countries. Because of these contradicting influences associated with nanotechnology, there has been a raging debate, as to whether their adoption should be mandated or not. In conclusion, nanotechnology and robotics are becoming popular worldwide with indications of complex developments in 20 to 30 years to come. Research indicates that joining of technologies between nanotechnology and robotics will result to complex nanorobotics essential for achievement of several feats in the world. For instance, nanorobots will benefit the research industry, as it will lead to opening up of areas that normal research could not penetrate. An example in this field includes the manufacture of Microant cameras capable to penetrate tiny holes in the ground. These nanorobots will be able to do this, as they will have eyes fitted with cameras that will feed the researchers with information. Another area where nanotechnology will influence most is medicine. Various benefits result with adopting nanorobotics in medicine such as the possibility to treat cancer, diabetes and other malignant diseases. Nanobots also influence the medicine area because they have the capability to fight cancer cells directly while at the same time reducing the side effects associated with cancer. If adopted, nanotechnology will also influence other areas such as the creation of weapons and gadgets that will have super-high speeds. These gadgets include computer microchips and phones with faster processors. The world will benefit with an improved car paint, and improved production of farm produces associated with nanotechnology. However, there have been some implications regarding the adoption of nanotechnology, which relates to environmental and health concerns. Complains have emerged that adoption of the nanotechnologies will result to problems linked with weapons of mass destruction, networked cameras that will aid spying, and the possibility of creation of many weapons at the same time. The problem relating to making of many weapons at the same time is that elimination of an ethnic group or community will be easier and faster. This shows that nanotechnology is best for people with positive intentions that promote the development of humans, while at the same time taking care of environment and human health. Basing on the benefits related to the adoption of nanotechnology and the implications mentioned nanotechnology appears to be the future technology because the world is facing complex challenges, which can be sorted through the use nanotechnology. Buy custom When Nanotechnology Meets Robotics essay

Friday, November 22, 2019

Introduction to Accounting and finance -- Economics, Finance and Assignment - 3

Introduction to Accounting and finance -- Economics, Finance and Management - Assignment Example They are very disturbed with months like September recording a high sales volume and November recording a low sales volume. This could prove to be an issue for the working capital in the long run and the concept of going concern. (Fields. E., 2002). It would be better if the manager’s focus on achieving uniform sales targets every month so that the working capital available could be more consistent giving way for better planning. 3. If the company would continue with bulk purchases and not go for investing further in machinery, there could be a possibility of maintaining obsolete machinery. As it is, the company has only machinery worth  £25,000 and further non-investment may prove to be a hindrance to exploring newer avenues of market creation. (Clemmer. J., 1995). However, it needs to understand that its retained earnings which represent the profit over the years are quite high. They almost represent double of the owner’s equity. This means that the company’s overall profitability is commendable. Cash, on the other hand, represents the revenue or liability of that company. Revenue is generated by sales of that company. This is explained in the trading account of the firm. The other way to generate cash is to take up a liability. This is shown in the balance sheet of the firm. In the case of Hide to seek ltd there is a negative liquidity possibility for two months. This is because the company is planning to purchase materials in bulk. These materials are further sold in the coming months. There is no incidence of purchases in the next six months. Bulk purchases ensure discounted price. That means, while cash reserves are decreasing for two months, there is an indirect increase in profits in the next 3 months. This is the strategy to withhold benefits to gain higher of them in the future. This has to be given as an explanation in the footnotes to the financial statements. (Lander. P.G., 2004). If Hidetoseek ltd decides to investigate

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Final project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Final project - Essay Example A harmonious combination into the use of these instruments fell into categories such as metal, stone, clay, bamboo, wood, bone, string, and gourd. The instruments gave symbols to Chinese people. These instruments were rudimentary and played about five notes out of the seven musical notes. The most recognized instruments in this episode include the Guzheng, the Zhong Ruan, the Liuqin, the YangQin, the Erhu, the Dizi, the Pipa, the Zheng, the Rattle drum, and the Xun, which was a wind musical instrument, and one among the ancient and oldest instrument used in China, approximately 7,000 years ago. In the past, the Xun was played in the open and provided the main part of the entertainment. It dates back to the Neolithic age. It has six holes at most and a very simple structure. Its sound creates a unique artistic feeling that inspires (Jin, Li & Rong 65-73). The changes in time and rapid development of musical instruments led to more instruments that were played in china to about over 70 instruments. Among them as recognized in the episode were the Qin, which is the oldest instrument of its time in the world, and can take on many shapes and accommodate many sounds. It was produced in the imagery of a cloud, and playing it required good manners by the players; hence, it was reserved for scholars. This instrument was mainly used to cultivate the mind and character of the player. The other instrument is the chime whistle used by ancient hunters, the pottery drum, the pottery whistle, and the chime stone, which originated from a simple farm tool, and resembled an ancient plough. Other instruments identified include the Shao Jingqun, the Piano, and the Chime bells, which were large and had complex shapes. The bells comprised 65 in total and weighed about 5 tons. There was also the chime stone that is recognized for being predominant in the musical industry of the Chinese, the giant drum found in the excavated tomb, and perceived as

Monday, November 18, 2019

Reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Reaction paper - Essay Example ion, cell phone is a technological invention which is possessed by all .It is a known fact that, cell phone has made a prominent impact on the working behavior of employees of an organization. Cellphone has enabled increased productivity in them due to its communicative effectiveness and accessibility. The use of technological device is however a contradictory fact because it is argued by some that it can increase productivity while some argues that laptops and cellphone wear off productivity. But when we compare the business world of yesteryears with that of todays , it is obvious that commercial activities are happening on a swift basis at present. Even though these gadgets divert the concentration of employees and waste their time and man power, this can only be seen as a minor drawback. These devices does deviate employees to indulge in handling their personal lives, this is truth. But this can also have a positive effect on their mental status which could make them more vibrant to perform their official chores. In earlier times, there were no technological devices and the employees could have been more frustrated and would have been intimidated physically and mentally to perform their job. But now the quality of work is increased as most of the work happens in less time than olden times. The survey conducted in US does reveal that majority people check email while on duty and multi- tasking hurts productivity, which is true. It has been traced that many employees engage more on online activities than official work as it is human tendency to look for pleasure rather than pain. However, the responsibility factor of employees in today’s world is minor in comparison with their older counterparts. There is a lot of technological addiction among young men of today than the aged people. The technology aided social networking sites available on computer is the biggest culprit which absorbs much of productive time of employees. The technological advancement of the

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Comparing Structures of the Heart

Comparing Structures of the Heart This exercise was conducted so that the anatomical construction of the cardiac structures would be evident.There were no safety precautions necessary as all dissections were done on line as virtual dissections. Activity 1: Microscopic Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle Observations: Sketch and label your slide in the space provided. Include a description of the structures you observed on the slide. What are some unique structural features of cardiac muscle? Cardiac muscle is striated and uniquely structured to function in a muscle that is used approximately 70 times a minute, 24 hours a day, and 365 days a year for an average of 80 years. Cardiac muscle is branched, not linear like skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle has alternating thick (myosin) and thin (actin) protein filaments which are the sliding filaments. These are the two primary proteins that build the cardiac fiber which is called a myofibril. When viewed under the microscope, also seen are the darker lines perpendicular to the muscle fiber which divide the cardiac muscle. These are the intercalated disks. These structures enable transmission of muscle contraction signals. The intercalated disk allows the rapid propagation of the muscle action potential which enables the myocardium to contract together and allows for ventricular synchrony. The heart must work continuously. That is why it has an abundance of mitochondria in the myocardium. In fact, approximately 50% of the myocardium is mitochondria. These structures are the cellular power generators for the cells. They enable constant aerobic respiration which supplies energy to the myocardial cell for constant function. What are intercalated discs and what do they do? The intercalated disks enable transmission of muscle contraction signals. The disks allow for the rapid propagation of the muscle action potential which enables the myocardium to contract together and allows for ventricular synchrony. Why does cardiac muscle have to be both elastic and strong? The human heart must be elastic as well as strong in order to meet the needs of the human body. The elasticity of the atria and ventricles is important in order to accommodate the preload that is essential to trigger the stretch of the myofibrils that is inherent in contractility and vital for cardiac output or the ejection of blood. When an individual participates in exercise and has a faster heart rate, the chambers must dilate (or stretch) to accommodate the returning volumes in order to meet the greater need for oxygen in the exercising muscles. As the heart returns to normal resting rates, these dilated chambers return to their normal size. Chronic chamber dilation (or cardiomyopathy) can be detrimental to the function of the heart and result in decreased pumping, loss of forward flow as well as heart failure. Contractility of the actin and myosin fiber is an inherent property of cardiac muscle. But strength of contractility is important to overcome afterload. Afterload is defined as the force that is needed to overcome aortic pressure for cardiac ejection of stroke volume. Afterload is increased in the presence of sustained diastolic hypertension. Over a period of years this continual increase in the work of the heart will lead to hypertrophy of the ventricular muscle and not only will strength of contraction be lost but increased oxygen consumption will be detrimental to the myocardium and may result in angina or infarction. D. Which of the three layers of the heart did the tissue used to make your slide originate from? The slide was made from the myocardium or muscle tissue. Activity 2: The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits Draw a diagram showing pulmonary and systemic circulation. Color the deoxygenated side blue and the oxygenated side red. Use a regular pencil to draw arrows to indicate blood flow. Questions: Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Begin in the right atrium and end in the superior/inferior vena cava. Be sure to list every vessel, heart chamber, and heart valve the blood flows through. Blood flow through the heart begins with the returning deoxygenated systemic bolus into the right atrium. Passively it flows through the low pressure atrioventricular tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. As pressures equalize, the tricuspid valve closes. In the right ventricle, this bolus is pressurized isometrically and then ejected through the low pressure semilunar pulmonic valve into the right and left pulmonary arteries. The bolus then travels through the pulmonary arteries into the pulmonary arterioles and capillaries until it is in single file in the capillary at the alveolar-pulmonary basement membrane. At this point the red blood cell transverses the capillary lengthwise in order to present a greater surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Now the oxygenated red blood cell travels through the pulmonary capillary bed into the pulmonary venules and into the pulmonary veins. Through the pulmonary veins, of which there can be 3 to 5, the blood enters into the left atrium ( there are no valves in the pulmonary veins, unlike other veins, and the bolus of blood is pushed forward by the continual movement of blood from the right atrium and ventricle ) . Again passively the bolus of blood flows through the higher pressure mitral valve into the left ventricle. As the pressures again equalize, the mitral valve closes. As the bolus of blood, now known as left ventricular end diastolic volume or more correctly preload, is pressurized again isometrically, the pressure of the aorta (afterload) is exceeded and ejection occurs though the semilunar high pressure aortic valve and into the aorta. The oxygenated blood now travels through the aorta for dispersal to all the organs and tissues of the body for oxygenation and removal of the cellular waste product, carbon dioxide. From the aorta, blood travels into the smaller arteries, arterioles and eventually the various capillary beds. After the O2 and CO2 exchange occurs at the cellular level, the deoxygenated blood travels from the capillary beds into the venules, veins and eventually into the vena cava. The vena cava returns the deoxygenated blood into the right atrium via the inferior and superior vena cava vessels. And the process continues as long as the heart beats. Explain what you learned from the online human heart dissection. I must truthfully state that I did not gain any new information from this exercise. I have been an RN for almost 40 years and my primary area of practice is critical care. One of my areas of expertise is cardiology. I have been certified in critical care (CCRN) for 36 years and I am also cardiac medicine certified (CMC) by my national organization. However, it was interesting and a very nice review. Activity 3: Sheep Heart Dissection/Fetal Pig Comparison Questions: Compare the structure of the fetal pig and sheep heart. How are they similar? How are they different? Except for the differences in size, I did not note many differences between the sheep heart and the fetal pig heart. They are similar in that their construction is a 2 chambered atria and ventricle and there is similar vasculature. I did note that the fetal pig heart showed similar muscle mass of both the right and left ventricles. The left ventricle had not increased in myocardial muscle mass yet as the heart had not needed to be the sole source of power for perfusion. After birth, I believe that the left ventricle will increase in mass as seen in both the sheep heart and the human heart. Why is the heart referred to as a double pump? The human heart is referred to as a double pump because of the differences needed to handle systemic return and peripheral forward flow. The right heart is a lower pressure system and blood enters passively, driven by the left ventricular ejection force. This blood enters into the lower pressure pulmonary system, where pulmonary arterial systolic pressure is comparable to right ventricular systolic pressure. The left side of the heart is a much higher pressure system. As the blood leaves the left ventricle, it is at a much higher pressure due to the need to overcome the afterload of the aorta. (Systemic vascular resistance.) Because of this increased need, the left myocardium is considerably thicker than the right ventricle. Additionally, because of this increased muscle mass, during the sustained contraction phase (consistent with the ST segment in the electrical tracing), there is much higher oxygen consumption in the left ventricle. This predisposes the left ventricle to more cardiac issues such as angina, infarction, myopathies, hypertrophies and sudden death due to electrical disturbances. There are four valves in the heart. Name each valve, list its location and give its function. The four valves of the heart are the tricuspid, the pulmonic, the mitral and the aortic valve. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atria and right ventricle. It is a low pressure atrioventricular valve and its job is to prevent back flow or regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle during systole or contraction The pulmonic valve is a semilunar cusped valve located in the ostium of the trunk of the pulmonary artery which takes off from the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts and blood is pushed into the pulmonary artery, the pulmonic valve closes as the pressures are equalized. The cusp like structure helps to push blood forward. With the valve closed there should be no regurgitation from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle, this time during diastole as the dilation of the ventricle creates a vacuum to enhance diastolic filling from the atrium. The mitral valve is a bicuspid or 2 leaflet atrioventricular valve. It is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. As the left heart is a higher pressure system, the mitral valve must be able to withstand greater pressures. During the contraction of the left ventricle, closure of the mitral valve prevents regurgitation of blood from the ventricle into the left atrium. The mitral valve, as well as the tricuspid valve, is attached to the ventricular walls by chordae tendinea and papillary muscles. During infarctions of the left anterior ventricular wall, these structures can become ischemic and lead to mitral valve dysfunction, further complicating the infarction. The aortic valve is located at the root of the aorta at its junction with the left ventricle. It is a high pressure, cusped, semilunar valve that must withstand tremendous pressures during left ventricular ejection. Again, if the valve becomes incompetent, blood can flow back into the left ventricle during systole (ejection). This can lead to ventricular overload and pulmonary vascular congestion as well as forward perfusion issues. Both ostia of the coronary arteries are located at the aortic valve near the sinuses of Valsalva. If ventricular ejection is decreased either through poor contractility or incompetent aortic valve, coronary artery perfusion can be affected. Compare the left and right sides of the dissected heart. What differences do you see? When the dissected human heart is laid flat, both atria and ventricles can be seen. In this view, it is very obvious how much more muscular the left ventricle and even the left atrium is, when compared to the right side of the heat. The interventricular septum bows slightly into the right ventricle. The left ventricular chamber is larger in size and the left atrium is also larger In the right and left ventricles you can see the papillary muscles and chordae tendinea that attach the tricuspid and mitral valves to the interventricular wall. In the right ventricle there are trabeculae, light finger like projections that are not readily noted in the left ventricle. Compare and contrast the functions of the atria and the ventricles. Both atria are receiving chambers, with the left larger and more muscular than the right. The right atrium receives systemic, deoxygenated blood from the superior and the inferior vena cava and deoxygenated cardiac blood from the coronary sinus. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit via the multiple pulmonary veins in the left lateral wall. The right atrium is also the home of the heartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s electrical system. The sino-atrial node (SA node) is located in the roof of the right atrium and is the primary pacemaker of the heart maintaining an inherent rhythm and rate of between 60 and 100 beats per minute. In the floor of the right atrium, near the junction of the atrium and the interventricular muscular septum is the atrioventricular node. The AV node or junction is a backup pacemaker of the heart, designed to come in as an escape mechanism if the SA node fails as can happen in cardiac disease or sometimes drug induced mechanisms. The junctio n is designed to only run the heart when it does not receive the SA nodal signal and so its intrinsic rate is 40 to 60. There is an automatic pause built in between the electrical signal of the SA node and the firing of the AV node and this is known as the AV interval. This slight pause is sufficient to allow the final filling of the ventricles before systole. The waveform generated with SA nodal firing causes the right atrium to contract and push the remaining blood into the right ventricle. This contribution to ventricular filling is known as atrial kick and can be extremely important to individuals with limited cardiac reserve. There are conduction pathways running through the right atrium and over to the left atrium but the atrium does not have any electrical nodes similar to the right atrium. In abnormal rhythms such as atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, there are sometimes aberrant pathways in the left atrium that contribute to these dysrhythmias. They are occasionally treated with ablation therapy and scarring of the atrial wall. Both ventricles are pumping chambers but the left is the more massive and more vital of the two. The right chamber receives the preload initially and if it is diseased or injured, its dysfunction can severely impact the left sided filling and cardiac output. The left ventricle is 2 to 3 times more muscular that the right and even thought the ventricles work in harmony, the leftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s job is ejection and perfusion to the organs and tissues. The predominance of the coronary artery system is located on the left ventricle and the majority of coronary artery disease involves the left ventricle. Where is the myocardium located? The myocardium is the inner muscular layer of the heart, located between the epicardium and the endocardium. The epicardium is the outermost layer and is formed by the pericardium folding back onto itself at the aorta. Inflammation of this lining can cause pericarditis. The endocardium is the epithelial lining of the inside of the heart and includes all the structures internally. The endocardium also has an endocrine function, secreting endocardin which helps to sustain contraction. Infarctions can involve the endocardium and previously were known as subendocardial infarctions but are now call non-stemis. (Non ST segment elevation myocardial infarctions.) Additionally, bacteria from peripherally inserted central lines or IV drug abuse or even dental disease can cause infections of the endocardium called endocarditis. The myocardium is the muscle mass that is involved in stretch and contraction. When there is a disruption of oxygen to an area of myocardium, it is referred to as a myocardial infarction (Stemi) Death of the tissue with subsequent ventricular dysfunction can result if oxygenation is not restored. How does the heart supply blood to its own cells? The heart needs a continuous and rich source of oxygenated blood. None of the blood that is pumped through the left chambers oxygenates the heart. The hearts source of oxygen comes from the coronary artery system. These vessels lay on the epicardium of the heart and through collaterals and perforators supply the myocardium with oxygen rich blood. The left coronary artery arises at the left Sinus of Valsalva on the aortic valve. It travels a short distance across the left atrium behind the pulmonary artery, which protects it from any external trauma, caudally towards the left ventricle and is known as the left main. Any significant disruption of flow at this level through stenosis or thrombus can cause sudden cardiac death. As the left main emerges from behind the pulmonary artery, it becomes known as the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). This artery travels from the atrium to the apex of the left ventricle, giving off significant branches and lies in the interventricular sulcus directly overlying the ventricular septum. When you look at the human heart and notice the heavy streak of fat running across the anterior wall of the left ventricle, you are looking at the protective covering of fat for the LAD as it lies in the interventricular sulcus. When the left main changes to the LAD, there is another branch given off that runs circumferentially between the left ventricle and the left atrium. This is known as the Circumflex and also lies in a groove known as the atrioventricular groove and is protected also by a fat pad. On occasion there is a 3rd branching that arises at this area known as the Ramus or Intermediate branch. Arising from the LAD are diagonals that cross the anterior surface of the left ventricle from the IV sulcus to the left lateral aspect of the left ventricle. The LAD also gives rise to a group of vessels known as septal perforators that perforate the anterior aspect of the muscular septum. The LAD crosses over the apex and turns upward for a short distance on the inferior aspect of the left ventricle. The Circumflex travels around the left ventricle and terminates on the inferior aspect of the left ventricle not far from the right ventricle in branches referred to as the muscular branches. As the Circumflex travels around the heart, there are branches that arise and travel caudally and laterally across the left ventricle. These 3 branches are referred to as the obtuse marginals. The Right Coronary Artery (RCA) arises of the right Sinus of Valsalva on the right side of the aorta. The RCA lies in the same atrioventricular sulcus that the Circumflex lies in as it travels between the right atrium and the right ventricle. When the RCA reaches the division between the anterior aspect of the right ventricle and the inferior aspect of the left ventricle, there is a large branch that comes off the RCA and travels laterally towards the LAD. This is referred to as the Acute Marginal branch of the RCA and feeds the right ventricle. Near the ostium of the RCA, there is a small lateral branch that is important for collateral feed to the LAD, known as the conus branch. As the RCA traverses the right ventricle branches known as muscular branches supply additional blood to the right ventricle. Having turned and been protected behind the inferior vena cava for a short distance, the RCA is now traveling on the inferior wall of the left ventricle. When it reaches the point where it would be over the interventricular septum, it makes a 90 degree turn and heads towards the apex of the left ventricle. At this time it is now referred to as the Posterior Descending Coronary Artery of the Right Coronary Artery (PDA). There is a mirror sulcus here called the posterior IV sulcus to protect the PDA. Just like on the LAD, the PDA gives off septal perforators that feed the posterior portion of the interventricular septum. The electrical system of the heart is feed predominately by the RCA as 60% of the time the SA Nodal artery arises off the PDA near this 90% turn and is a perforator type of artery. The AV Nodal artery, as a perforator, arises from the PDA directly at this angle, which is known as the Crux. Collaterals exist from birth and are widespread across the anterior surface of the left ventricle as well as the inferior surface. As we age ,they begin to develop and gain importance for cardiac blood flow when the other major coronary vessels develop atherosclerotic disease and stenosis. Coronary blood flow is on the supply and demand system. When another organ has an increased need for oxygen, (for instance, the colon) the heart rate increases to meet that demand. In the heart, however, the supply is meet internally through the perforators and smaller capillaries that run a small distance into the myocardium. The best filling of the perforators and capillaries is during diastole or rest. During systole, they are compacted by the muscles in which they lie. As the coronaries receive flow both during systole and passively during diastole, it is to the hearts advantage to not be tachycardia.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Industrial revolution :: essays research papers

Industrial Revolution (Extra Credit) The era known as the Industrial Revolution was a period in which fundamental changes occurred in agriculture, textile, metal manufacture, transportation, economic policies and the social structure in England. This period is appropriately labeled â€Å"revolution,† for it thoroughly changed the old manner of doing things and bringing up new techniques. Constantly improving the ways in which things were made, which had effects of cutting costs and improving quality and efficiency was revolutionary about the era. The changes that occurred during this period occurred gradually. Industrial Revolution did not happen suddenly; it happened spread out the centuries. It wasn’t only inventions but mostly improvement and new techniques to present inventions. Advances in agricultural techniques and practices resulted in an increased supply of food and raw materials, changes in industrial organization and new technology resulted in increased production, efficiency and profits, and th e increase in commerce, foreign and domestic, were all conditions which promoted the advent of the Industrial Revolution. The improved yield of the agricultural sector can be attributed to the enclosure movement and to improved techniques and practices developed during this period. A common practice in early agriculture was to allow the land to lie fallow after it had been exhausted through cultivation. Later it was discovered that the cultivation of clover and other legumes would help to restore the fertility of the soil. Prior to 1760 the manufacture of textiles occurred in the homes, by people who gave part of their time to it. It was a tedious process from raw material to finished product. Many of the stages of production were performed by women and children. The supply of raw material for the woolen industry was obtained domestically. In the cases of silk and cotton, the raw materials were obtained from foreign sources, such as, China, the West Indies, North American and Africa . John Kay’s flying-shuttle, which enabled one weaver to do the work of two, and Richard Arkwright’s roller spinner, which was to make spinning more efficient and James Hargreaves’ jenny, a device which enabled the operator to simultaneously spin dozens of threads, was readily adopted. Arkwright and others developed the water frame. Coal was the one of the most important material during Industrial Revolution. It was the black gold of the eighteenth century. Underground mining was extremely dangerous and risky. Improvements in coal mining came in the form of improved tunnel ventilation, improved underground and surface transportation, and the use of gunpowder to blast away at the coal seams, and improved tunnel illumination through the use of lamps.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Evaluating Eighteenth Century Poetry Essay

Evaluating eighteenth century poetry is not an easy task. After all, the use of language, the cultural references, and the metaphors used then might be a little too different from what are being used now. As such, it would be necessary to take into account the usage of the language—the construction, the idioms being used then, as well as the different expressions being used then. The following points outline several points in reading, enjoying, and evaluating poetry in the eighteenth century. I. Introduction: The authors who wrote poetry in the eighteenth century should be reviewed briefly so that a student may gain some familiarity to 18th century poetry. II. Historical Context and State of the Art. A brief description of the social situation in the period will also be in order as these would lend color and appearance to the poetic inspirations and situations depicted in the poetry then. III. Literary Devices. In evaluating poetry, the reader should be on the lookout for several literary devices such as metaphors, similes, and personification among others. These would also point to the topics and themes explored then. These literary devices can then be analyzed internally as to their effectiveness in conveying the poem’s message during the period. IV. Â  Language. The language of the eighteenth century is far different from today. As such, it would be necessary to look into the language used, the manner of sentence construction as well as the overall usage and popularity of the language then. Finally, there could also be a way to trace the legacy of these poetry to poetry today.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Blackrock by Nick Enright: Dramatic Play

The author of the play â€Å"Blackjack†, Nick Nearing has written a very dramatic play towards today's society. During the play he uses lots of techniques to make it relate to the audience, therefore making it more appealing to the readers. Friendship is also a major factor in the play, â€Å"Blackjack†. Throughout this play, many different attitudes and values are brought up. It is very appealing towards teenagers, because of today's society and how it relates to the problems of today.In the play, the attitudes towards women are very negative, such as the females Ewing thought to be the less powerful gender, compared to the males as being the powerful ones. This is always seen in today's society as the men over powering the women, because men are meet to be the big tough ones. The guys in the play treated the girls badly. They were always talking to them badly, acting like they were unimportant and less powerful. One of the main offenders of this was Rick. He appears t o be one of those people that only care about themselves and doesn't care about what happens to anyone else.Family and friends are a major part of the play. For example, When Rick asked his mate Jarred to try and cover up for him from the night of Tracey Warder's death. He wanted Jarred to say that Rick was with Jarred on the night of the incident, so that the police wouldn't be after him. Jarred asked his father what he thought he should do. His father said, if you think it is worth getting into to trouble with the law to help your friend then go ahead and back Rick up. This shows that you can't always be backing your friends up 100% of the time, if it meaner you may get into trouble for doing so then it isn't worth the risk.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

SCHIZOPHRENIA and smoking essays

SCHIZOPHRENIA and smoking essays Tobacco use is significantly associated with schizophrenia. However, it is not clear if smoking is associated with illness itself, treatment, or underlying vulnerability to the disease. Smoking is recognized as a common problem in schizophrenia, based on clinical observations and epidemiological studies. Smoking has been suggested to be a marker of more severe illness, as smokers tend to have an earlier age of onset, more previous hospitalizations, and require higher doses of neuroleptic medication than nonsmokers (Goff, Henderson, @ Amico, 1992). In addition, smokers with schizophrenia tend to smoke more heavily and extract more nicotine from each cigarette than normal smokers. The reason why individuals with schizophrenia are more inclined to smoke are not well understood, and several possible explanations have been bought forth. Most of these suggest that nicotine serves as a form of self-medication, either against the side effects of the antipsychotic medications or against other deficits associated with the illness. The nicotine in the cigarettes stimulates dopamine release and has mood elevating and anxiolytic effects in normal smokers. Smoking also seems to improve cognitive performance in normal smokers. . The nicotine increases the metabolism of some typical neuroleptics; smoking may reduce some side effects of antipsychotic medications by decreasing their levels in the blood. The participants that were used for one study were Vietnam era twins. The participants were interviewed using the diagnostic interview schedule, supplemented with additional information about quantity and frequency of smoking. The interview assessed symptoms of nicotine dependence according to the criteria of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. The mean age of the participants was 44.6 years of age. The majority of the participants self identified themselves as non-Hispanic whites, about four percent were African Americans two per...

Monday, November 4, 2019

Should Parents be Subjected to Licencing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Should Parents be Subjected to Licencing - Essay Example In the hands of parents lie their children’s future because how they mold their children will create a great impact on the children’s lives. LaFollette has argued that a license is necessary when the activity to be engaged upon is potentially harmful to others. Much like a driver needs to secure a driver’s license before driving a car because driving is potentially harmful to others, parenting is argued to likewise be potentially harmful to children especially if the parents are not qualified to raise them (183). The second argument for a licensing program for parents is that their competence should be proven in order to ensure a safe performance of their duties as parents (183). What if they are not adept in caring for another individual, especially a young child who is totally dependent on them for all his needs? What if they do not have what it takes to equip the children with the necessary skills to survive when they grow up and go out into the world? What wo uld become of these children? A third argument for licensing is that there should be a reliable procedure for testing such competence (184). LaFollette explains that when the first two arguments are met, that of parenting being potentially harmful indeed to others especially to children, and that the parents’ competence is questionable, then parents become legitimate subjects for licensing. If all three arguments are met, then it becomes imperative to issue licenses to qualified parents. Since children are highly valued by society, their welfare is given utmost consideration. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) declares that "the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth" (Article 2.2), Article 2.2 further details, â€Å"States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians, or family members.† This implies that if children are left in the hands of irresponsible parents, then the state will do everything to protect children from any potential harm that may be inflicted by such parents. This is to ensure that they will be kept safe and put in an environment where they can grow and develop into well-adjusted and healthy individuals that can be productive and contributory citizens to society in the future. Studies have shown that children who grew up under abusive or negligent parents have strong tendencies to develop the same behaviors with their own children due to the constant exposure they got when they were young. Anda et al (2005:174) discussed in their study that the traumatic experiences of abused or neglected children often stays on with the victims into adulthood. Some children may never fully recover from the trauma, resulting in lifelong depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. Other individuals may be predisposed to engage in prostitution, pornography, drug abuse, or crime. The long-term consequences of child maltreatment can be so devastating that it has been called "soul murder" (Shengold, 1989:43). In order to prevent this, Article 19 of the UNCRC requires that â€Å"

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Microeconomic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Microeconomic Analysis - Essay Example This leads to creation of awareness of the product and thus an increase in the demand. The cost of other substitutes: electricity is the major substitute to solar panels (Denholm 2007). The high cost of electricity as compared to solar panels is pulling away many individuals to consumer the solar panels. Between 2006 and 2011, Europe represented more than 70 percent of global solar installations. In 2008 and 2010, the region made up roughly 85 percent of installations, the supply of solar panels therefore is a major factor in determining whether to venture into the contract business (Denholm 2007). Supply in the number of commodities the suppler is willing to sell at a given period of time. With the government intervention in the supply of the commodities the supplies have a ready market to supply to. This therefore enhances the demand to supply the commodity. The willingness of individual households and businesses to install solar panels is a major boost to the willingness of the suppler to produce the goods. Then levels of inventory have remained low in the recent past and therefore the venture is a great opportunity for Cindy. The region has expressed a huge market for solar panels with the government subsidy and the high cost of substitutes then the business is most likely to be a profitable venture for Cindy (Denholm 2007). I recommend her to venture into contract installation of solar panels and will definitely get the return on