Capital Strucutre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capital Strucutre - Essay Example Based on the above assumption, the theory suggest that the firm value is independent of the capital strucutre and there is no fixed combination of the debt and equity which can suggest that it this level the firm has the optimum capital strucutre. However, in practice it is largely believed that the capital strucutre with 60% of debt and 40% of equity can be optimum for the firm. Higher debt capital may fund the growth of the firm however with increasing debt, it becomes hard for the organisations to keep the financial covenants of their debts intact therefore high debt ratios incur further risk for the organistion therefore there is no such magical relationship between debt to book capitalization ratio. The debt to book capitalization therefore vary from industry to industry and there Is no solid formula to determin tha the debt to book capitalization ratio of 60% therefore there is no capital strucutre theory under which it can be justified that a debt to book capitalization ratio should be 60%. A greenfield project is one which is built from scratch and is not constrained by any previous work. These projects are mostly constructed on the unused land where there is no room or need required to remodel the existing piece of land to demolish the existing strucutres. According to the transcation theory of foreign direct investment, the mode of entry into markets especially foreign markets depends upon how efficient the greenfiled projects will be as compared to the domestic facilities. If the greenfield projects are going to give more efficient results than the existing ones than going for greenfield projects can be a good move however if efficiencies are not achieved than in that case greefield projects may go awry. Therefore one of the most important lesson which can be learned from this is the fact that how good greefield projects can bring the desire efficiency and effectiveness in the company specially with relation to the operational efficiency. (Hennart). Apart from that the greenfield projects providethe organisation necessary room to look for better and more efficient resources.  

Myself and My Course Essay Example for Free

Myself and My Course Essay Lets talk about myself, my name is Mark Vincent Y. Teodocio. I’m 17 years old. I was born on a warm, sunny day in September. I live at Cecilio Blanco Cmpd. Villamayor st. Brgy Pag-asa Binangonan Rizal. I am studying at WCC Antipolo. I live with my mom Edith, and my little brother johnly. My father died when I was in 2nd year high school. So my mom survived us alone. I have one sister namely Gladys. My sister has her own family now that’s why me and my little brother are the only one left to live with my mom. I started school when I was 4 years old. I went to kindergarten through 3rd year at Colegio De San Clemente Angono, Rizal. Then I attended Angono Private High School for my 4th year high school. I am now a first year college student at World Citi Colleges currently aiming to graduate my bachelor degree in Business administration in the near future. My favorite sports is Volleyball. I love surfing the internet if I have free time, opening my mails, visit my facebook account and chat with my friends so I stay connected with them anytime and anywhere. I’m not used to play computer games like others do. Spend the whole day in front of the computer. My favorite colors are red, blue and black. My friend sees me as a kind, sweet, funny and friendly person. Life to me means friends and family. Who you can trust and who trust you. I am pretty much on the bright side of life. But like all teens do. I do have my days of sadness or depression. I have some few friends who looks out for me during those days or when I’m having a bad days. I have someone here at school to talk to. I make my school days go by thinking of either the next hour or what I will do when I get home or on the weekend. Now, lets talk about my course. As I said in the beginning I’m a freshmen student. Taking up Bachelor of science in business administration major in marketing/management. And if you ask me why others should take my course. For me, business administration offers many advantages. Including vast amount of career opportunities in a variety of job sectors, and well paying jobs or high salary jobs. You will have the education to plan your financial and business future. Year 2016 will be the time I will graduate from college. In a few years i see myself as a successful Business man. Managing people with abilities and knowledge of what they are doing. The Boss of my own Company. And my name is known not only locally but internationally. At that time, i think I will probably be still living here at Angono, Rizal with my mom and my little brother. As I said in the beginning, I was born here in Angono, Rizal. And I’ve live here my whole life. I would like to see more of the philippines but unfortunately, I don’t have money to leave Angono, Rizal. to go anywhere right now. I hope you have enjoyed reading my life story as much I have enjoyed making it for you. Here’s a tip for you to live or try to live by: Hardwork will give you Power, being lazy will make you slave.

Framework of research methodology

Framework of research methodology Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to describe the Framework of research methodology followed in this thesis in detail. The elaboration along with the discussion on various types of research will be discussed to explain the approach and methods for the presentation of research work. From the view point of many researchers that Research Methodology is a design process which consists of step by step approach leading towards the conclusion of substantial results. Based on different view point evaluation the researcher of this thesis project suggest that Research Methodology is just a design or step by step approach but its a complete frame work of components which consist of the following: Identify the problem Propagate the idea for possible solution / Brain Storming process Data Collection from the variable sources Evaluate the sample data Conclude the results Finalized the Theory In other words from one of the researcher provides his statements as â€Å"Research design provides the glue that holds the research project together. A design is used to structure the research, to show how all of the major parts of the research project the samples or groups, measures, treatments or programs, and methods of assignment work together to try to address the central research questions.† [http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/design.php] The Research Hypothesis Behind every research work there is certainly some hypothesis always involved, therefore in the same way there are many hypotheses are provided by the different researchers in various research papers about the research methodology, to provide elaboration under the light of those hypothesis the researcher has taken them over here as reference. â€Å"The research or scientific hypothesis is a formal affirmative statement predicting a single research outcome, a tentative explanation of the relationship between two or more variables. For the hypothesis to be testable, the variables must be operationally defined. The is, the researcher specifies what operations were conducted, or tests used, to measure each variables. Thus the hypothesis focuses the investigation on a definite target and determines what observations or measures are to be used† [Research methodology: techniques and trends by Dr. Y.K Singh and Dr. R.B Bajpai Book] The philosophy of the research methodology is to achieve the desired results, for which it is necessary to adopt certain steps, which is also known as Frame work of study. There fore the development in the research can be done. Many Researchers have argued that these research hypotheses by the researcher includes those assumptions which should be vital and in which the researcher views the world so that these assumptions will support the researcher strategy and methods he selected as a part of that strategy. Where as the research can done in various ways , based on the requirements of the thesis projects, but to streamline and to get the most out come of the research there should be a frame work of the thesis has to be adopted. [Self] â€Å"Such philosophies are considered as a tool to find the best way of having research done, and these philosophies enable the researcher to get a well balance conclusion† [Stiles, J. (2003) ‘A Philosophical Justification for a Realist Approach Qualitative Market Research: An International journal, Volume 6, Number 04] The Aims and Objective The aims and objective of this research is to produce a document over a Meta analysis on GPON and EPON technologies with the questionnaire based surveys. For this purpose a customized methodology / framework has been adopted based on the standards provided by the researcher for this nature of work. Types of techniques There are two types of research pattern techniques provided by the researchers one is called Qualitative research and the second is called quantitative research. Sinuff et al. (2007, p.105) defined Qualitative research as â€Å"A Qualitative research offers descriptive models of behaviour, social organization, and social interaction that can be used to improve behaviour and experiences. It is well suited to exploratory investigations of problems which about little are known†. According to Amaratunga et al. (2002), qualitative approach concentrates on words and observations to find a conclusion and it also attempts to design the people in the social sciences. On other side, quantitative research mainly is based on the numbers that represents the opinions and concepts about the particular research. They further argued that the richness and holism of qualitative data can provide strong support for revealing complexities in research process. Furthermore, the information for qualitative research is normally collected over a longer period of time therefore it makes researching more broad. According to Amaratunga et al. (2002) quantitative research design has been considered as appropriate for examining the behavioural component. It has been concerned with measuring the true value of the propositions. It allows the flexibility in examining the data, in terms of statistical analysis, comparative analyses and repeatability of data collection for confirming validity of the research. [Amaratunga Dilanthi, Baldry David, Sarshar Marjan and Newton Rita (2002) ‘Qualitative and Quantitative Research in the Built Environment: Application of â€Å"Mixed† Research Approach, Research Paper, 51(1): 17-31.] Web link: [http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=8AC83587644A027D31356889353AAD04?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkpdfcontentId=851373] Amaratunga et al. (2002) have summarized some of the strengths of quantitative research, which are shown as follows; Its process is quick and also economical. The subject under study is analyzed and observed independently. In quantitative research the comparison and replication is allowed. The reliability and validity can be obtained more objectively than the qualitative. In Quantitative research, data is collected from the large sample that may have a huge influence on the policy decisions. The subject under study is analyzed and observed by adopting the objective methods rather than just been focused on the subjectivity through sensation and reflection. [Amaratunga Dilanthi, Baldry David, Sarshar Marjan and Newton Rita (2002) ‘Qualitative and Quantitative Research in the Built Environment: Application of â€Å"Mixed† Research Approach, Research Paper, 51(1): 17-31.] [http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=8AC83587644A027D31356889353AAD04?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkpdfcontentId=851373] Research Approach (Qualitative Vs Quantitative) The research approach can be either Qualitative or Quantitative, whereas both have there advantages and disadvantages in different scenarios. A quantitative approach consists of the knowledge which will measure, describe and explain all the processes, this type of approach are applies to scientific researches, where the data is taken as sample and to obtain the results. A Qualitative approach is the one in which knowledge is tested to investigate, interpret and to comprehend the processes. In the below given table a comparison can be seen. Research techniques As in previous it is stated by the researchers that there are various techniques adopted to get the most output of the research work. There fore as in case of this thesis which is based on Meta analysis the following listed steps will be followed. Literature Review Questionnaire based Survey Survey Analysis Conclusion / Result set Data Collection, Surveys and Questionnaire Data Collection Methods Data can be collected for the research purposes in two methods, primary data collection and secondary data collection, which are defined below: Primary Data In this kind of research the researcher has to collect all the information related to the topic, by interacting himself with different professionals related to the research topic. Data can be collected for various reasons, such as doing research from the organisations perspective, where the researcher has to carry out interviews and prepare questionnaires that are useful to obtain relevant information (). Primary research can be very hectic and time consuming as the researcher has to attain the knowledge from the people who are indirectly or directly related with the topic which is being researched. The reason for not to use primary research is because retail sector is very vast sector, and requires thorough understanding of its operations. Primary research need to be carried out when there are lack of information available through secondary research, which can be obtained thorough primary research by conducting telephonic interviews, mailed questionnaires or by focus group that is a nother reason why the researcher choose the method of secondary research to gather all the relevant information. [Quinton, S. and Smallbone, T. (2006), postgraduate research in business: a critical guide, London: Sage publications] If the research is of primary data collection then there are two types of observations, participants observations which is more emphasis on qualitative and the second is structured observations which is more attached to quantitative (). [Saunders, M. Lewis, P. and Thornhill A. (2000), Research Methods for Business Students, 2nd Edition, England: Pearson Education] Participant And Structured Observations â€Å"Participant observation is a major research strategy which aims to gain a close and intimate familiarity within a group of individuals, and their practices† (wikipedia, 2007). Their intensive involvement is also required with the people in their natural environment. [online] Available at: [Accessed 10th dec 2006]. Collection Of Primary Data Use of interpersonal interviews and purposeful questionnaires are the most authentic ways of collecting data unlike observations and case studies, which makes the data more reliable and realistic. In collection of primary data use of questionnaires and interviews help to make the research more significant [Saunders, M. Lewis, P. and Thornhill A. (2000), Research Methods for Business Students, 2nd Edition, England: Pearson Education]. In primary data collection the researcher has to interact with individuals or groups in order to obtain required data, which is not being collected before and is exclusive. [Quinton, S. and Smallbone, T. (2006), postgraduate research in business: a critical guide, London: Sage publications] Collection And Design Of Questionnaires Design of questionnaires should be precise and understandable. Before giving feedbacks everyone would like to know who you are (having contact numbers or address), what type of research you are doing and what will be the outcomes. The list of questions should appear clear and not very lengthy, try to make answerer not to work hard and except giving long answers they can carry on with simple ticks, or circles []. [Brent, primary data collection methods, [online], Available at: http://brent.tvu.ac.uk/dissguide/hm1u3/hm1u3text3.htm]. According to Bryman: (2003: pp. 161, Bryman, A. and Bell. E. (2003), â€Å"Business research methods†, New York: Oxford University Press.), it is necessary to keep in mind that the questions which are being prepared for the research, should be asked in different ways, such as: Personal questions, which include the private information from the participant like age, gender, etcetera (2003 pp. 161-164, Bryman, A. and Bell. E. (2003), â€Å"Business research methods†, New York: Oxford University Press). Factual question but this includes the information about others. Informer factual questions which includes the information other then private. Questions about what the respondent beliefs regarding certain aspects are. Question about attitudes are very common in asking for the research information (Bryman, 2003 pp. 161-164). Questions about topic mean that whether participant has the knowledge and experience regarding specific area or not (Bryman, 2003 pp. 161-164). [Bryman, A. and Bell. E. (2003), â€Å"Business research methods†, New York: Oxford University Press] Advantages And Disadvantages Of Primary Data Collection It is also advantageous if data is being collected by the use of primary research. Keeping in view that it could only happen if the sample questionnaire is simple and relevant, and there is no replication or irrelevancy in questionnaires. Disadvantages include the expensive procedure having time constraint. There is also a possibility of participants being bias when answering the questionnaire which may result in data being misinterpreted. Secondary Data Secondary data collection is a kind of research where there is no need for the researcher to be involved directly or physically with the live experiences. In this research the data is available in different forms such as printed material or electronic versions and contain all the past experiences, experienced by individuals or organizations. Comparatively secondary data collection is much easier and hassle free for the researcher who wants the research to be based on past experiences (Quinton, 2006: pp. 67-69). According to research compliance (no date) â€Å" Data, documents, records, or specimens that have been collected, or will be collected solely for non-research purposes and are in existence prior to the beginning of the study†. Resources Of Secondary Data For the collection of secondary data research there are various indefinite resources through which information can be collected. The researcher must be using the data which is being collected prior to do the research and may be used for some other reasons before. The most commonly resources from which data could be collected are: newspapers, magazines, articles, journals (manuals and e journals both), financial reports and some internal organisational documents could be a part of secondary data. Data Collection Techniques Techniques tell us by what means the data will be collected. Following section shows the methods used by the researcher to collect data. Multiple sources.( different societies) Survey data (statistical census reports and governmental data) Multiple Sources While working on this dissertation the researcher had gone through some of the Vendor based white papers to have more clear idea of the technology, also gone through the Research papers provided by the various researchers. Survey Data Survey data means what so ever information or data being collected prior to the research from any specific resources, like literature or review being published could be used as a part of secondary data collection Collection Of Secondary Data While the data is gathered from secondary sources, it is not always possible to fulfill all the desired results, that a researcher is expecting as these informations can be published for some other purposes, but have some-what relevance to the work on which researcher is working, so these datas can benefit the researcher (Saunders et al. 2000: p. 200). When gathering data from news papers, there is likelihood that news papers can have some printing mistakes, it is very rare that they publish some reports which might be proved wrong in future; even then news papers are and will always be a great resource of secondary data. With web links, some of the websites are amendable by anyone, in that case the research can be affected because data is not authenticated (Saunders et al, 2000). Advantages Of Secondary Data There is no doubt that Secondary research is more advantageous as described by Ghauri et al: (1995) [] that, in search of solution of the research questions and aims, secondary data enables the researcher to gather existing data through various resources, in desired amount of money and time. Secondary data take less time in analysis and give more chance to think about synergy. Whereas, Steward and Kamins: (1993) [] argues that in comparison with primary data secondary data is the most quickest way of gathering knowledge, and seems to be the more viable alternative and is of high quality in nature and easier to measure. [Ghauri et. al., (1995, citing in Saunders et al. 2000), research methods for business students, England: Pearson Education limited.] [Karmins and Stewarts, (1993, Cited by Saunders et al. 2000), research methods for business students, England: Pearson Education limited.] Disadvantages Of Secondary Data According to Denscombe (1998), â€Å"there are some disadvantages of choosing the secondary based research, the data, which is being used, may be of old version and not reflect objectives and research questions.† In other words this method can also be inappropriate because the data collected may have interpretations that are not exactly following the said topic aims. Resources Used Secondary based research is comprised on the data which is previously available via different acknowledged resources, therefore the researcher come across to different reliable resources in order to collect the relevant data such as: Resources for e-journals Business Process Management Journal, Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management ) Emerald (articles) Search Engines Google advance search. Google ( scholar search, online books and Literature) Books. Articles. Magazines. Professional in the field of Network Access Technology [Saunders, M. Lewis, P. and Thornhill A. (2000), Research Methods for Business Students, 2nd Edition, England: Pearson Education] [Denscombe (1998, Citing by Saunders et al. 2000), research methods for business students, England: Pearson Education limited.] [Ghauri et. al., (1995, citing in Saunders et al. 2000), research methods for business students, England: Pearson Education limited.] [Bryman, A. and Bell. E. (2003), â€Å"Business research methods†, New York: Oxford University Press] [Brent, primary data collection methods, [online], Available at: http://brent.tvu.ac.uk/dissguide/hm1u3/hm1u3text3.htm]. [Quinton, S. and Smallbone, T. (2006), postgraduate research in business: a critical guide, London: Sage publications]

Gambling in Baseball :: Essays Papers

Gambling in Baseball What has changed the way America’s pastime is looked at forever and prompt worldwide discussion? Joe Jackson and his seven teammates changed the face of baseball forever during the intimate scandal of 1919. No other time in baseball history did Americans question the state of the game. Pete Rose had also brought a debate like no other before in baseball. Since his banishment in 1989 the country has been split on the issue. Gambling by these men and others has caused great problems in baseball. The game of baseball has been destroyed by gambling. Gambling will forever be a part of American’s pastime. As soon as the New York Knickerbockers organized in 1845 and started competing against other teams, spectators were betting on the outcome (Fleitz 190). In the mid 1800’s, speculations of gambling had reached the news. Three men of the New York Mutuals were banned from baseball for taking $100 each to throw a game to the Brooklyn Eckfords; nevertheless, the men were reinstated within a few years (Rielly 110). The next few decades only had been occasionally marred by gambling scandals. The Black Sox scandal of 1919 rocked the sports world and brought up even more scandals. Baseball’s gambling problems were not always bookies looking for that prized fight; it sometimes involved the role models of the game. Several owners had been linked to the 1919 scandal. Charles Stoneham of the Giants and Arnold Rothstein of the Dodgers were believed to play an important part of the scam (Lieb 189). Base ball slowly rid itself of gambling until the last big scandal hit in the name of Rose. Gambling has been a part of baseball ever since the start and will continue to tarnish the game whenever it is brought up. Baseball has been through lots of adversity throughout the years. Strikes, wars and corruption have given the game a black eye but nothing has hurt the integrity of the game more than gambling. Having baseball played honestly is the most important part of baseball and doubting the integrity can cause serious harm to the game.

Bycatch Overfishing Regulations And Recovery Environmental Sciences Essay

One of the most urgent issues impacting piscaries today is finding methods of cut downing by-catch and keeping sustainable stocks. In this paper the author will try to specify by-catch and discourse the Torahs regulating the pattern. The author will besides discourse the commercial and recreational parts to the province of duress of the ocean Waterss. Fishing patterns and methods of cut downing the sum of by-catch will besides be discussed. Without the cooperation of fishermen, province, federal, and world-wide authoritiess many species of water bird and fish will non last. Harmonizing to McCaughran by-catch is that ‘portion of the gimmick returned to the sea as a consequence of economic, legal or personal considerations, plus the maintained gimmick of non-targeted species ‘ ( McCaughtan 1 ) . Bycatch are fish, water bird, or Marine mammals that are caught by the way in all types of piscary cogwheel. They are caught because they are unable to travel fast plenty to get away or they may be attracted to the come-on. There are many marauders in the ocean but we are the most unsafe marauders in the H2O. We are unsafe because â€Å" we are limited merely by the bounds we set ourselves † ( Hinman 3 ) . We choose non to put bounds for ourselves that insure the sustainability of our oceans therefore these criterions must be set for us. These bounds are set so we can avoid the â€Å" calamity of the parks † ( Wallace 1 ) . Puting these bounds is the duty of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) and the National Mar ine Fisheries Service ( NMFS ) . The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservatory Act in 1976 created eight councils to rede NMFS on regional issues on piscary direction. The jurisprudence claimed the Waterss within 200 stat mis of the seashore as the ownership of the United States but it neglected to set up any control over overfishing or habitat loss ( Safina ) . This act was amended in 1996 to include home grounds and overfishing. On January 6, 2004, a concluding regulation was submitted that stated: â€Å" National criterion 9 ( NS9 ) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, as amended by the Stainable Fisheries Act requires that fishery direction programs include preservation and direction steps that shall, to the extent operable, minimise by-catch and to the extent by-catch can non be avoided, minimise the mortality of such by-catch. Implementing by-catch decrease device ( BRD ) demands for the eastern Gulf of Mexico would lend to run intoing that demand † ( Federal Register 2004 ) . An extra amendment was added in 2007 that requires that one-year gimmick bounds and Marine protected countries ( MPAs ) be established ( NOAA Economics ) . The Sustainable Fisheries Act requires that when a stock does non run into the sustainable output a compulsory recovery program which includes a list of overfished species must be proposed ( Safina ) . Some of the reforms have been met with resistance by fisherman and with optimism by environmentalist. Fishermans sometimes stand to lose money with the execution of new regulations and ordinances. The commercial fishing industry in 2007 was estimated to be a $ 28 billion a twelvemonth industry. An extra $ 25 billion a twelvemonth was spent on recreational Marine fishing and activities ( NOAA Economics ) . The mark and by-catch species depends on where you are in the universe. What may be the mark species in the Gulf of Mexico may be the by-catch species in other countries. As new engineering has been introduced into the fishing industry more fish have been caught utilizing gillnets, bag Seines, long lines, runt spiller and other methods. Fig. 1. Most seafood in the U.S. is caught utilizing cyberspaces dragged behind boats, such as bag Seines, spiller and dredges ( NMFS, 2009 ) . This cogwheel enabled fishermen to catch the mark species and anything else in the Waterss. In 1994 the estimated by-catch was 19.9 and 39.5 million dozenss of cast-off fish. A new estimation 10 old ages subsequently utilizing a new methodological analysis was much lower at 7.3 million dozenss. The cast-off sum is approximately 20 % to 25 % of the entire crop ( Wui 1 ) . These Numberss show that a big part of the universe gimmick is discarded ( Davies et Al. 205 ) . By-catch can besides be defined as â€Å" that portion of the gaining control that is discarded at sea, dead ( or injured to an extent that decease is the consequence ) † ( Hall 206 ) . Catch may be discarded because of size, species, sex, or mortality. Other grounds are the gimmick may non be the right species, the quota has been reached, or they may be an illegal gimmick. The runt spiller piscaries show the greatest sum of by-catch. These Numberss differ depending on the beginning and the method of computation. Some estimate the Numberss to be every bit high as 35 % for the universe gimmick ( Baum ) . Bycatch consist of sea polo-necks, juvenile species of ruddy center, Spanish mackerel, topographic point, croaker, beams, bluish pediculosis pubis and many other species. In the 1970 ‘s the ratio of by-catch to shrimp was 10 lbs bycatch to one lb of runt. Bycatch decrease devices ( BRDs ) have been mandated on runt spiller in the Gulf of Mexico. A BRD allows finfish and other by the way caught beings to get away. From 1992 to 1994 there was a decrease of four lbs of by-catch to one lb of runt ( Robert ) . Shrimp spiller besides have turtle excluder devices ( TED ) fitted in them to let sea polo-necks to get away. Data shows that with these devices in the runt trawls the sum of some by-catch has been significantly reduced ( Robert ) . The devices have allowed a partial recovery of ruddy center, Spanish mackerel, king mackerel, and Atlantic croaker ( Louisiana Fisheries ) . Fig. 2. Two versions of runt spiller with BRDs. ( Fuls 16-18 ) Bycatch is inevitable, even with the usage of BDRs. Data shows that there have been around 450 taxa documented as incidental gimmicks in shrimp spiller. Attempts have been made to diminish the mortality of by-catch. One scheme was to integrate a fish oculus in the cyberspaces to let for fish flight. Fishermans besides could better the handling and release of the gimmick. The runt spiller is a type of cogwheel that continues to be studied and improved.Species – English NamePercentage of Total CatchLongspined scup 15 Brown runt 9 Atlantic croaker 9 Inshore lizardfish 6 Pink runt 3 Gulf butterfish 3 Lesser blue crab 2 White runt 2 Longspined swimming crab 2 Brown stone runt 2Table 1 – Top 10 species found in Gulf of Mexico runt spiller gimmicks ( Clucas 6 ) .Another type of angling cogwheel that continually produces high Numberss of by-catch is the different types of gill cyberspaces or miring cyberspaces. Driftnets have been called the â€Å" walls of decease † because big Numberss of non-target fish, marine mammals and sea birds become entangled in them ( Hinman 3 ) .Fig. 3. Beginning: Drift Net ( FAO-Fish 222 ) .Drift cyberspaces come in all sizes and lengths but the United Nations banned cyberspaces over 1.5 stat mis long in 1993, Data has shown that they catch legion mahimahis, sea polo-necks, and other blowers. There mark species is normally swordfish in the Atlantic but they besides catch tunas and sharks. Other finfish such as ocean sunfish, bluefin, giants, tuna, beams and others are besides caught by longlines. When animate beings are entangled in these cyberspaces it is about ever fatal. Some cyberspaces have pingers attached to alarm unsuspicious quarry ( Martin 213 ) . Although some net fishing is still used the drift net piscary has been closed since 1996 ( NMFS 54 ) . Fig.4 Longline fishing cogwheel. The usage of longlines allows fishermen to catch a assortment of species. The come-on from the lines attracts sea birds, polo-necks, and other species of fish. Many ocean birds eatage in countries where there are longline piscaries. The millstone has seen a diminution in population due to being caught on longline maulers. Longlines may be two or more stat mis long and have 100s of baited maulerss. These lines may travel unbridled for 24 hours ensuing in a high mortality rate for the gimmick. Once the birds are caught there is no manner for them to get away. Since they reproduce late in life and have a low fruitfulness they have become a threatened species ( Lewison 743 ) . The millstone has experienced a lessening in population due to longlines ( Hall 214 ) . It is hard to quantify the loss of millstone due to a deficiency of an perceiver plans. Other beings are affected by longlines. The sum of cast-off species in longlines in 1996 was estimated to be † 196.6 metric dozenss of bluish marlin, 67.6 metric dozenss of white marlin, and 71.6 metric dozenss of sailfish † . ( NOAA 54-55 ) . The grounds for high Numberss of by-catch are that the gimmick may non be the targeted species, it may be an illegal gimmick or it may non run into the legal size. The swordfish population has become stressed because of cyberspaces and longlines. In 1996 there were 579 dozenss of swordfish discarded. The Atlantic gar, a prized diversion fish, is frequently the by-catch of longlines. NMFS has enacted a program that protects this fish. The leader of a vas that hooks a billfish must let go of the fish every bit shortly as possible without taking the fish from the H2O ( NOAA 54 ) . One can non discourse by-catch without discoursing overfishing. Overfishing is the procedure of taking fish faster than they can refill themselves ( Gulfbase ) . The utmost sums of by-catch leads to overfishing. If the sum of by-catch is non reduced so stocks will go overfished. In many countries attempt decrease of the targeted and nontargeted species is attractive ( Wui 2 ) . The ruddy center may non retrieve unless there are bounds placed on the shrimping industry ; because the juvenile ruddy center is the by-catch of runt spiller ( Wallace 84 ) . Bycatch decrease must be taken earnestly by the universe population. An country of concern in the subject of by gimmick and overfishing is that of the megafauna. Much of the megafauna by-catch has no economic value and has a high mortality rate. Having no manner to find the figure of beings that are being discarded, these stocks can worsen over clip without sensing. ( Lewison 588 ) . Leting the continued decrease in figure of anchor marauders such as billfish, sharks, bluefin tuna, bluish marlin, and swordfish will doubtless change the nutrient ironss. With fewer marauders there will be more quarry in the nutrient web. Harmonizing to Pauley if this continues we could see the prostration of some piscaries ( Hinman 2 ) . Alternatively of seeking to pull off one species the full ecosystem needs to be managed. We seem to be concerned about the big animate beings and non the animate beings they feed on. The remotion of one tropic degree will impact all degrees. Removing the larger and older species that by and large have a long lifetime and reproduce tardi ly in life will hold a annihilating consequence on the nutrient concatenation. Attempts are being made to seek to cut down the sum of by-catch in the fishing industry. Many fish would hold a higher endurance rate if they were released at a deepness related to their normal home ground. Fishermans are maintaining day-to-day logbook studies, utilizing unit of ammunition hooks alternatively of the traditional maulers, and utilizing pingers on cyberspaces. Other attempts proposed are to set up no-longlining zones, limit the figure of maulers allowed, and count dead discards against the fishermen as an inducement for set downing allowances ( Hinman 4 ) . Practices suggested to protect water bird would be to attach streamers to the lines to discourage the birds and weight the lines to increase the sink rate and carry the line deeper in the H2O ( Martin 214 ) . There have already been 1700 Marine Protected Areas established in the Waterss of the United States to protect threatened species. The issues covering with by-catch and overfishing are legion. There are groups who oppose ordinance and groups who realize that without Torahs the piscaries will vanish. Even though some ordinances will impact the income of the fishermen, without ordinance at that place will non be piscaries. It is sad to read about the sum of cast-off by-catch. There are some states that utilize about all of their gimmick. As other nutrient beginnings become depleted and the universe population continues to turn, I am certain other states will happen utilizations for their gimmicks therefore extinguishing by-catch.

Can Business Ethics Be Taught?

Business Ethics can be defined as the study and evaluation of decision making by businesses according to moral concepts and judgments. Ethical issues range from a company’s obligation to be honest with its customers to a company’s responsibility to preserve the environment and protect employee rights. Ethics includes the need to produce a reasonable profit for the company’s shareholders with honesty in business practices, safety in the workplace, and larger environmental and social issues. Business ethics calls for an awareness of social responsibility and this includes addressing social problems such as poverty, crime, environmental protection, equal rights, public health, and improving education. Can business ethics be taught? This is a question where there is no absolute answer yes or no. But I believe the ethics and business ethical examples should be and have to be taught in business school. First, it is important to help graduates understand other people's value systems and expectations of them, to be able to engage and discuss this side of things in a decision making process (especially if other people's expectations have become rules or laws, as with accounting and disclosure requirements, rules against conflicts of interest, etc). Second, it's important to help graduates realize the horrible consequences (especially for others) of some seemingly harmless selfish acts. We certainly shouldn't delude ourselves that a required course in grad school is going to make bad people into good people, or mean people into kind people. Nor should we be sanctimonious about it and feel that offering a course on ethics somehow makes us (the instructors or administrators) â€Å"good people. † But the first approach above will make it easier for the graduate to interact with others in the workplace, and to avoid oblivious violations of industry regulations. And the second approach above might actually change the way some people behave, at least a little, by instilling a greater awareness of how their decisions affect or harm others. However, most people would agree with that ethics is very difficult to be taught especially when the financial reward to do unethical behavior is greater than doing the right thing. The strong ethical behavior will not prevent another melt down that was witnessed on Wall Street. Too many times, the issue is all about money. How much can I get in the short term, can I get out before the long term risk hits, and can I retire before with the money I made. This type of mentality forces high risk taking to get the greatest return in a short time. For any company, this will eventually hit the bottom line. The company may even see bankruptcy. The Board of Directors has a major responsibility to the shareholders. That is to develop strategic plans to ensure growth, but to ensure longevity of the company to survive the long haul. Not quick profits and get out. The shareholders need to also control the Board of Directors to ensure that Board of Directors financial gains are measured appropriately and to ensure longevity of the company. But what happens only a small minority shareholders have enough stocks to make decisions. The rest are just along for the ride. What is needed besides ethics, is being held accountable for the actions taken, and ensure that all actions are not in the gray area white and black are no longer seen. We have been read and seen too many unethical issues happened, such as Enron Corporation, Andersen, Bernard Madoff Fraud etc†¦ Also so many unethical things in China, Sanlu infant milk powder issue which has killed so many babies, a big number of corruption issues about high position officials, which we can often read news from medias. But if some shareholders or anyone can stand up and say something in the beginning before the things went too wrong, it probably would prevent some corruption or fraud, to some degree. People who don’t believe the ethics can be taught have their concerns. â€Å"It's unrealistic to expect people's behavior is going to change because they sit in classes,† says Marshall Goldsmith, an executive coach based in San Diego and an adjunct lecturer at Dartmouth College's Tuck School of Business. â€Å"Is there any proof in any executive education †¦ hat anyone who went to any course ever changed any behavior as measured by anyone else over any period of time? Not that I know of. † Mr. Goldsmith and others concede that new emphases on ethics in business schools send a message to future managers that ethics are important, even in the corner office. But, they caution, expectations for a big impact from these programs are pie-in-the-sky thinking. â€Å"No one is going to come out of those courses as a different person,† Mr. Bruhn says. â€Å"The thing those courses are going to do is create awareness. They're not going to change behavior because ethics is learned by modeling, not by reading a bunch of books over a weekend. † There is another main problem is the patterns of moral behavior are formed long before students are able to study in the business schools. An analysis shows that the key period for shaping a person's moral character falls between the ages of 2 and 10. When we reach business schools we normally are more then 22, it's kind of too late. The students are already all formed their own moral thinking, behavior and ethical habit. Ethics should be learned since we start knowing and sensing this world, and be taught by our parents, seniors, teachers in kindergarten, in primary schools, by the environment we grow. It is about a whole education system for a country. Especially for the education of our young next generations, we have to put more emphasis into subject of moral virtues. Ethics should be a basic issues in any organizations and be taught in all levels of education. Over all, to some extent, yes, ethics can be taught in a classroom, if the schools, teachers, professor and the students adopt a practical approach, in preference to a philosophical one.

Teaching methods Essay Example

Teaching methods Essay Example Teaching methods Essay Teaching methods Essay Learning teaching methods In the last two years, I have been part-time teachers for many times. But actually most of the time, I was conducting my class from my nature feeling. After I learned some teaching methods this semester, I really gain a lot. We have learned six teaching methods: Audio Lingual Method, Direct Method, Total Physical Response, Suggestopedia, Natural Approach, and the Community Language Learning. Audio Lingual Method is a oral- based approach. It drills students in the use of grammatical sentence patterns. It has a strong theoretical and base in linguistics and psychology. It was thought that the way to acquire the sentence patterns of the target language was through conditionings†helping learners to respond correctly to stimuli through shaping and reinforcement. Learners could overcome the habits of their native language and form the new habits required to the target language speakers. The Goal of this method is: Students to be able to use the target language communicatively Role of the teacher students: Teacher- like an orchestra leader, directing and controlling the language behavior of her students; responsible for providing her students with a good model for imitation Students- initators of the teachers model or the tapes she supplies of model speakers Some characteristics of the teaching / learning process: 1 . new vocabulary and structural are presented through dialogs 2. he dialogs are learned through imitation and repetition 3. drills are conducted based upon the patterns present in the dialog. 4. students successful responses are positively reinforced. 5. grammar is induced from the examples given. 6. explicit grammar rules are not provided. 7. cultural information is involved in the dialogs opinions towards language and culture: anguage: every language is seen as having its own unique system, which is comprised of several different levels. Each level has its own distinctive patterns. Culture: culture consists of the everyday behavior and lifestyle of the target language speakers. The process of this method is: Empnaslze: The oral/ aural skills Native language: It is thought to be interfere with the students attempt to master the target language. Evaluation: Not obvious Respond to errors: Students errors are to be avoided if at all possible through the teachers awareness of where the students will have difficult and restriction of what they are taught to say.

Causing a Furor, Not a Fury

Causing a Furor, Not a Fury Causing a Furor, Not a Fury Causing a Furor, Not a Fury By Maeve Maddox Although furor and fury derive from the same Latin verb, furere, â€Å"to rage, be mad,† when the intended meaning is â€Å"public uproar,† furor is the better choice. Although anger is often one of the emotions expressed in a public upheaval of interest and comment, it isn’t always. Sometimes a furor may be caused by excessive admiration. In fact, the word that Americans and Canadians spell furor and British speakers spell furore, entered English from Italian furore, â€Å"enthusiastic popular admiration.† Here’s an example in which furor is used without the connotation of anger: With the first indication of his appearance, wide-eyed teenage girls gripped the edge of their chairs, stamped their feet in passionate furor and started clutching each other for emotional support. In the following examples, â€Å"to cause a fury† is a poor substitute for â€Å"to cause a furor†: Original: Two cases of Ebola have caused a fury in Texas. Better: Two cases of Ebola have caused a furor in Texas. Original: The first Matisse show in New York  caused a fury  that delighted Stieglitz. Better: The first Matisse show in New York  caused a furor that delighted Stieglitz. Furor conveys the ideas of objection and argument that fury does not. Here are some synonyms to clarify the difference between fury and furor: fury fierceness ferocity violence turbulence tempestuousness savagery severity intensity vehemence force forcefulness power strength furor commotion uproar outcry fuss agitation pandemonium disturbance hubbub tumult turmoil Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. Further11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your Writing10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†

Qualitative Research- Fieldwork Observation Assignment

Qualitative Research- Fieldwork Observation - Assignment Example These issues can be accessed and evaluated through observation. This is true because most of the traits that determine students’ performance are physically portrayed. Most of these characteristics are associated with the environment which students grow in. For example, literatures have found that students brought up in poor backgrounds perform poorer than those brought up in middle class backgrounds (Billie & Bette & Wolfe, 2006). Specifically, physical characteristics like students behavior and the way they conduct themselves have a lot to say about their academic performance. In the effort to determine this concept, I sought to carryout a research through observation from a public school in a poor background setting. The aim of this research was to find out how the students conduct themselves and if their behavior conducts have any relationship with their academic performance. In learning theories, main focus is on behavioral psychology. For children to be able to learn and remember new things, some things are considered to take place in the learning process. According to Billie & Bette & Wolfe, (2006), some of these things are explained by behavioral and constructivism theories which focus their attentions on acquired factors that help the learner acquire knowledge. Burkhardt, (2004) asserted that students’ achievement is influenced by environmental factors such as cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic factors. These factors are said to shape students behavior, which have adverse, effects on their academic performance. According to Burkhardt, (2004), students who come from poor back grounds have been found to perform poorly in their academic works. In some instances, living conditions are extremely harsh that the students have to attend school with empty stomachs. Field-notes My field-work started early in the morning at 7: am. I purposely decided to start my research at this hour in order to gather information on the arrival of students from the ir homes since this was a day school. Students started arriving some minutes after 7: am. There was only one teacher who had arrived by then. I later came to realize that he was the teacher on duty that day. He mobilized students in cleaning their classrooms and the compound. Most students were seen to be sluggish in responding to the teacher’s instruction. For example, when they were told to clean their classes, most of them hid themselves behind the classes. The teacher was forced to come after them with a cane. When the bell for the assembly was rung, some students were still arriving from their homes. In the effort to capture them for punishment, the teacher had difficult times as the students ran away while others hid themselves. In fact, some of those that were caught and given some punishment to do, they retorted to the teacher. When the lessons started, I visited one of the classes where I observed various occurrences. Some minutes before the teacher entered the class room, most of the students seemed not to be settled. They were discussing the previous night’s happenings. Some were chatting and gossiping. However, a few were seen to be preparing themselves for the lesson before the teacher entered. When the lesson started, some students were lying on their desks while others were busy chatting. In fact, remarkably few students concentrated on what the teacher was teaching. This was evident when the teacher asked questions related to what he taught. The students gave irrelevant answers while other said

Accounting methods of Asset Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting methods of Asset Management - Essay Example 2. The are many ways the long term assets can be presented in the balance sheet per reference to AASB 1010 and AASB 1041. AASB 38 has recently been replaced by AASB 1041. AASB 1010 and AASB 1041 speaks of new ways of presenting the long term assets like buildings, equipment, plant, etc. usually with concentration on presenting them using the fair value1. Comparison of the various benchmarking methods is enumerated below:4) Revalued at Replacement Cost - Buying a new item to replace damaged or outmoded equipments etc. Due to the continuous rise of inflationary goods and services, replacement cost has a higher probability of going up. 3. There are other parameters for generating value added when what is being benchmarked is not in goods production but involved actively in the government health department, service company, local council, etc.For local government health departments and councils , prompt delivery of health programs and services, without the usual redundant application forms, is highly recommended. Doctors track patients and refer them to specialists, when needed. Most sponsors and charitable organizations will donate medicines and other related health and economic needs to poor patients. Doctors may share patients' information with other health workers so there is lesser medical history interview time resulting in public health being handled faster.

Graduate Labour Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Graduate Labour Market - Essay Example As the report declares in its effort to improve and modernise public services, UK government has created more job opportunities for graduates. Some of the sectors that depict an increase in the rate of employment include public administration, health and education, construction as well as business and finance. It is important to note that the UK economic and political developments have made the region to be one of the countries that have the lowest rates of unemployment in Europe. According to Association of Graduate Recruiters (AGR), approximately 30% of the UK graduates are highly demanded in foreign countries including European region based on the extensive training undertaken by universities. This paper declares that the manager oversees the implementation of effective use of internet as a way of promoting and advertising of the products. Other vital duties of the manager includes evaluation and tracking of online marketing strategies, identifying new online marketing tactics as well as collaborating with personnel who are responsible for developing websites. Due to the stiff competition in the international market, companies in UK and abroad are emulating e-marketing in order to attain a competitive edge. This means that there exist more job opportunities for students who choose Online Marketing Manager as their future career. Individuals intending to become online marketing managers should posses a degree in marketing and have some experience of internet marketing. In addition, it is essential for one to have a good knowledge of English language and proper communication skills (Laermer, 2007). Communication skills are vital since the marketing managers should have adequ ate knowledge on how to address the needs of their clients. Depending with the size of an organization an Online Marketing Manager should be at least 23 years old and with an experience of 3- 4 years in a marketing department. Even though most of the marketing

Distributed Computer System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Distributed Computer System - Essay Example The paper tells that the role of computer systems continues to evolve with businesses adopting it to execute various business operations. In business, computer systems have made significant inroad that have allowed business to achieve leverage on the use of data to support businesses transaction, as well as making strategic decisions. In particular, distribute computer systems have found use in business in areas such as business commerce where these systems have enabled business to achieve high levels of business performance. There are varied definitions of distributed systems, but most of them tend to have some commonalities. A distributed system is one that is made up of independent computer systems that work together and appear to those using it as a unified system. The core of a distribute computer systems is the interconnectedness between its components making users think of it as a single system. The development of distributed computer systems coincides with the increasing dema nd for distributed systems in business. For instance, businesses that require e-commerce applications are more likely to achieve greater benefits using a distributed computer system. The merits of deploying distributed computer systems have pushed for increased research that aims at refining how businesses deploy these systems. Research in the development of distributed computer systems reinforces the desire for computer professionals to overcome challenges in this field. Indeed, computer firms have made much progress in rolling out various types of distributed computer systems. ... 1.1 What are distributed computer systems? Distributed compute systems are an example of distributed system, which is a system that links heterogeneous systems through networks to offer users with a single system. Distribute computer systems bring together different components to create a unified system that can provide users with high performance (Mikkilineni, 2011). In a distributed computing environment, workstations connect to each other using networks enabling them to pool system resources. The use of distributed computer systems signals a shift from centralized systems because businesses and organizations are demanding re-centralization of the computing environment. The success of distributed systems rests in the interconnectedness of various components to achieve a unified system. Today, distributed computing environment, has made it possible because of different technologies that computer vendors develop. These technologies work together to create a coherent system that provi des transparency to users, successfully hiding non-critical features from users. Use of distributed computers systems provide users with resources, as well as improved performance. With more improvement on technologies, supporting distributed systems, business and organization continue to adopt distributed computing environment. 1.2 Goals of distributed computer systems There are several incentives for using distributed systems over centralised systems. The merits of using distributed computer systems underscore the push for businesses and other organizations into adopting the distributed environment. These goals are: 1.2.1 Access to resources The first reason for the adopting of distributed systems is the demand for resources accessibility. Despite the ease, of developing centralised

Corporate strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporate strategy - Essay Example This strategy pertains to the introduction of a free reward card system. Starbucks Coffee Starbucks Corporation is a global coffeehouse chain originated from Seattle, Washington. The company is the largest coffeehouse across the world having more than 17,000 stores in over 56 countries. This includes over 1,000 stores in Canada, 11,000 in the United States, more than 150 in Turkey and over 700 in the United Kingdom (Starbucks, 2011). The major products of Starbucks comprises of the espresso-based hot drinks, drip brewed coffee, coffee beans, other cold and hot drinks, hot and cold sandwiches, salads and Panini, snacks, pastries, and items such as tumblers and mugs. Besides these eatables, the company has also diversified itself to create a Hear Music brand in the Starbucks Entertainment division, and also markets books, films and music (Bolton, Ruth, Kannan, & Matthew, 2000, pp. 95). Many products of the company’s products are only specific to the store’s location or th e season. Starbucks-brand ice cream and coffee are also offered at grocery stores. Corporate Strategy at Starbucks The diversified and well managed company, Starbucks, manages its operations with the help of its corporate strategies. The company guides its scope and direction through its strategy in the long term and fulfils the expectations of its stakeholders successfully (Sharp, Byron & Anne, 1997, pp. 473). The corporate strategy of any organisation is also usually termed as its "mission statement". Requirements for the Implementation of a Strategy Before the implementation of any strategy, the organisation needs to analyse and understand whether the desired strategy is required within the company or not. In order to give life to the mission and vision of the company, the strategies are implemented which provide a far-sighted view and a correct direction for the activities of the organisation. Thus, for the purpose of formulating a new strategy and implementing it effectively, i t is essential that the style, structure, leadership, resources, change management and the entire system of the organisation act like a supporting block. A new strategy in an organisation would need the assistance of change management the most, for the reason that it would demand new resources, different management style and an entirely modern viewpoint of execution. It would require: Effective leadership; Additional tangible and non-tangible resources; Change management system; New processes and methods; Skilled human resources; and Modern system implementation. All these elements constitute the requirement of introducing a new strategy in an organisation. Implementation of the free reward card system The free reward cards pertain to the loyalty cards and such incentive coupons which are offered to the customers in order to increase their loyalty and the retention rate in the organisation (Lewis, Michael, 2004, pp. 281). The implementation of the free reward cards would assist Star buck’s corporate strategy and marketing strategies in many ways. If we consider the 7S model given by the Mintzberg and Quinn, the effect of the strategy implementation of Starbucks can clearly be analysed through the seven factors. It is explained as follows: 7S Framework by Mintzberg and Quinn The 7S framework was given by Mintzberg and comprises of the following elements: 1. Strategy: this pertains to the set of connected activities which are chosen to be applied as a course of action in the

Coccidioidomycosis (alley fever and Tuberculosis Essay

Coccidioidomycosis (alley fever and Tuberculosis - Essay Example T., & Dunning, M. B. 2009). Tuberculin relates to an extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is used in the detection of tuberculosis infection. Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) is a form of tuberculin which is made of a combination of complex mixtures of antigens. PPD functions by creating a mild as well as delayed allergic reaction that takes place among patients likely to be infected by Tuberculosis. The test is usually conducted by injecting a lower level of fluid into the skin located in the lower section of the arm. The swelling on the arm is then checked after a period between 48 and 72 hours for any reaction to the skin. Its size is measured using a ruler and the doctors use the measurement for their analysis based on well known established facts. Positive tuberculin test is between 5, 10 and 15mm. The size of the swelling will help in finding out if the person has already been infected by the disease or is at risk of being infected. Positive skin test is an indication of infection by the tuberculosis bacteria while a negative skin test is an indication of absence of the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis. The test is however limited in some cases especially where it had been used before on the same individual. It is worth noting that the test cannot be fully relied upon but must be supported by other tests such as the blood test in order to establish if the disease is latent or active. The blood test necessary for tuberculosis is known as Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) which exists in two forms namely QuantiFERON-TB and T-SPOT. Sputum cultures as well as smears tests are conducted for acid-fast bacilli in circumstances in which a patient undergoing the test is producing a lot of sputum. The method can be achieved through fluorescence microscopy. The disease which is caused by a fungal infection is can be diagnosed through a number of ways which include blood tests, sputum test, chest X-ray among other methods.

Distributed Computer System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Distributed Computer System - Essay Example The paper tells that the role of computer systems continues to evolve with businesses adopting it to execute various business operations. In business, computer systems have made significant inroad that have allowed business to achieve leverage on the use of data to support businesses transaction, as well as making strategic decisions. In particular, distribute computer systems have found use in business in areas such as business commerce where these systems have enabled business to achieve high levels of business performance. There are varied definitions of distributed systems, but most of them tend to have some commonalities. A distributed system is one that is made up of independent computer systems that work together and appear to those using it as a unified system. The core of a distribute computer systems is the interconnectedness between its components making users think of it as a single system. The development of distributed computer systems coincides with the increasing dema nd for distributed systems in business. For instance, businesses that require e-commerce applications are more likely to achieve greater benefits using a distributed computer system. The merits of deploying distributed computer systems have pushed for increased research that aims at refining how businesses deploy these systems. Research in the development of distributed computer systems reinforces the desire for computer professionals to overcome challenges in this field. Indeed, computer firms have made much progress in rolling out various types of distributed computer systems. ... 1.1 What are distributed computer systems? Distributed compute systems are an example of distributed system, which is a system that links heterogeneous systems through networks to offer users with a single system. Distribute computer systems bring together different components to create a unified system that can provide users with high performance (Mikkilineni, 2011). In a distributed computing environment, workstations connect to each other using networks enabling them to pool system resources. The use of distributed computer systems signals a shift from centralized systems because businesses and organizations are demanding re-centralization of the computing environment. The success of distributed systems rests in the interconnectedness of various components to achieve a unified system. Today, distributed computing environment, has made it possible because of different technologies that computer vendors develop. These technologies work together to create a coherent system that provi des transparency to users, successfully hiding non-critical features from users. Use of distributed computers systems provide users with resources, as well as improved performance. With more improvement on technologies, supporting distributed systems, business and organization continue to adopt distributed computing environment. 1.2 Goals of distributed computer systems There are several incentives for using distributed systems over centralised systems. The merits of using distributed computer systems underscore the push for businesses and other organizations into adopting the distributed environment. These goals are: 1.2.1 Access to resources The first reason for the adopting of distributed systems is the demand for resources accessibility. Despite the ease, of developing centralised

Coccidioidomycosis (alley fever and Tuberculosis Essay

Coccidioidomycosis (alley fever and Tuberculosis - Essay Example T., & Dunning, M. B. 2009). Tuberculin relates to an extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is used in the detection of tuberculosis infection. Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) is a form of tuberculin which is made of a combination of complex mixtures of antigens. PPD functions by creating a mild as well as delayed allergic reaction that takes place among patients likely to be infected by Tuberculosis. The test is usually conducted by injecting a lower level of fluid into the skin located in the lower section of the arm. The swelling on the arm is then checked after a period between 48 and 72 hours for any reaction to the skin. Its size is measured using a ruler and the doctors use the measurement for their analysis based on well known established facts. Positive tuberculin test is between 5, 10 and 15mm. The size of the swelling will help in finding out if the person has already been infected by the disease or is at risk of being infected. Positive skin test is an indication of infection by the tuberculosis bacteria while a negative skin test is an indication of absence of the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis. The test is however limited in some cases especially where it had been used before on the same individual. It is worth noting that the test cannot be fully relied upon but must be supported by other tests such as the blood test in order to establish if the disease is latent or active. The blood test necessary for tuberculosis is known as Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) which exists in two forms namely QuantiFERON-TB and T-SPOT. Sputum cultures as well as smears tests are conducted for acid-fast bacilli in circumstances in which a patient undergoing the test is producing a lot of sputum. The method can be achieved through fluorescence microscopy. The disease which is caused by a fungal infection is can be diagnosed through a number of ways which include blood tests, sputum test, chest X-ray among other methods.

Bruce Feilers Walking the Bible Essay Example for Free

Bruce Feilers Walking the Bible Essay Bruce Feiler gives his readers new perspectives on the background of the events told in the Five Books of Moses, and on the Bible itself. The book is concerned with how the land itself had a deep influence (and still has a deep influence) on the bible and the spiritual culture of the people, and the author attempts to demonstrate how the bible is still relevant today. The book is an attempt to provide a cultural and historical context for the Bible. It is peppered with the authors thoughtful insights on the relationship of the land and its people, and relates the path of (re)discovery of faith as a result of the journey, while also providing a good starting point for anyone desiring to travel through the Middle East. The book, of course, is not an objective, scholarly work, and should not be taken as such. Although scholarly views of the events outlined in the five books and of the land and culture relevant to these events are presented, it is by no means a scientific work, as obvious from the religious theme of the book. Feiler takes the reader on a two-year exploration of the first five books of the Bible, by actually trekking through the land in which the events in the five books occur. The land itself is the focus of the book. He provides his insights on the effects of the land of the people, ancient and modern, and relates the views of the Jews on the relationship between god and the people. He describes the wilderness as instrumental in uniting the ancient Israelites as a people. He describes his experience in the desert, the journey through which Feiler states is the core of the first five books. It is in the desert where he experienced the â€Å"raw human emotion involved in being in a stark place, confronting the limitations of ones upbringing, and trying to forge a new identity in the midst of a difficult, transforming journey. † Feiler did not have a strong motivating purpose at the start of his journey, but he relates the significant change in attitude that the journey brought to himself. His initial intention was merely to be a tourist of sorts, using the Bible as a travel guide to experience and appreciate the land in which the events in the first five books of the Bible occur, but when he starts his journey, he finds out that there is a palpable â€Å"connection† between the land and the people, and he stops seeing the Bible as merely a travel guide. Through his journey he develops insights into himself concerning his faith, particularly on his identity as a Jew. Feiler â€Å"rediscovers† his faith as a result of this journey, and provides some unique perspectives on the five books of Moses. Of course, as it focuses on the land, the book is also a travel memoir, a travel guide of sorts, providing useful tidbits for readers intending to journey there as well. Through his gustatory descriptions of geographical features, he manages to convey his impression of the sacredness of the land. He provides some background on scientific and historical arguments that have concerned the authenticity of the bible, but ultimately demonstrates that such concerns on empirical facts have little bearing on faith. He also outlines the influences of Israels relationships with neighboring lands, particularly Egypt and Mesopotamia, and how the culture of Israel was deeply connected to the land itself. The book focuses on faith, on history, and on travel, all in the context of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible. As a work of literature, it is not outstanding. As a travel memoir, it provides some useful and entertaining facts about the geography and culture of Israel. But the book is mostly focused on the author himself, on his views and insights gained from his journey; the book succeeds ultimately as a spiritual undertaking.

Use of Stem Cells on Ageing Prevention

Use of Stem Cells on Ageing Prevention ELA KING Abstract This scientific report will look at stem cells and their abilities to prevent ageing. My[DS1] research was mostly qualitative, secondary research which didnt cost any money to conduct. I have discovered through writing this report that in the future it may be possible to achieve biological immortality with the aid of stem cells, either by altering the genes of human stem cells or by using other biologically immortal organisms stem cell information. However stem cell research is controversial and it will be many years before stem cell research will have developed to the point that biological immortality will be feasible. Introduction Ageing can be described in many ways. It is often used to refer to a passage in time in which someone gets older. Ageing in humans can be judged on the number of years lived and on appearance both external and internal such as grey hair and organs no longer working the way they are supposed to. This is because ageing leads to a decline in the regenerative abilities of all the tissues and organs in the body. [Kirkwood T.B, 2005]. This is connected to a decline in stem cell function. Why would we want to prevent or reverse ageing? Whilst a person cannot simply die of old age, as a person gets older there are more chances of genetic mutations and damage from the environment which can lead to a person being more likely to get a disease or condition. When a person ages, their cells can no longer defend themselves against diseases as well as they could when the person was younger. This means that as a person ages, they become more vulnerable to injuries and diseases [Radford B, 2012]. If it was made possible to prevent ageing, this would mean that the average life span would increase dramatically and it may be possible for humans to become biologically immortal. What is biological immortality? Biological immortality is the idea that whilst you are able to die (by disease or other means), you do not age. This would mean that a person with biological immortality would no longer experience loss of physiological function. This would allow people to stay relatively healthy whilst also not looking as though they were ageing [ Despain D, 2010]. There are many ways in which people believe biological immortality can be achieved, either through lifestyle changes or genetic changes. One particular way focuses on stem cells. What are stem cells? Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which are able to become other cells. Stem cells are also able to self-renew. There are two main types of stem cells, embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are found in human blastocyts which are newly fertilised eggs (three-five days old) which are created by IVF. These stem cells are used in various therapies and tests and can be grown into any organ in the body[DS2]. The other main types of stem cells are Adult stem cells, also known as Tissue-specific stem cells. These stem cells generate the same type of cell of the organ or tissue that it lives on. However, adult stem cells dont self-renew as easily as embryonic stem cells. Adult stem cells can be studied to show a lot about the process of ageing. [closerlookatstemcells.org , 2015] Adult stem cells are essential for the maintenance of organs and tissues of mammals during their lives. With age, this maintenance is decreased due to the deterioration of co-ordination from molecular signalling. This leads to organs and tissues not being rejuvenated as quickly or as well in an older mammal than that of a younger one [Silva H. and Conboy I.M, 2008]. This means that overtime organs and tissues would become weaker and more susceptible to failure. If an animals stem cells were to remain fully functioning for a longer period of time, this would increase the time before organs and tissues begin to lose functionality and if the stem cells were able to be fully functional forever, then an animal would achieve biological immortality. How can stem cells be used to achieve biological immortality? Organisms such as the Hydra (Hydra oligactis), an animal related to the jellyfish, have achieved biological immortality. Whilst its unknown exactly how long the Hydra lives, a Hydra which was kept in captivity for 4 years remained unchanged which is remarkable for a creature of its size (15mm). The Hydras biological immortality can be attributed to its stem cells which are able to renew and regrow parts of the Hydras body. Using 3 different types of stem cell populations, the Hydra is able to fully create clones of itself. Scientists found that the 3 types of stem cells all contained the same gene, the FoxO (a protein thought to be anti-ageing) and when this gene is removed the Hydra ages [Barras C, 2015]. If scientists were able to isolate this gene and place it into the DNA of another organism, theoretically another non-ageing organism would have been created. However, trying this with humans is likely to be a long way off as many people believe it would be unethical to conduct thi s sort of experiment on a human[DS3]. Other animals are also able to rejuvenate themselves using stem cells. Limbs and complex organs such as eyes and kidneys are able to be re-grown once lost or damaged. These animals such as frogs and fish either use pluripotent cells (stem cells able to differentiate into different cell types eg. Embryonic stem cells) to regenerate the whole limb or different types of stem cells to regenerate the different types of tissue like humans. So whilst humans use different types of stem cells for the maintenance of different tissues, humans arent able to rejuvenate their tissues to this level. This could be because humans are mammals and therefore lack the ability to direct stem cells to different parts of the body like certain amphibians. Future research will show why humans are lack this capability [Tanaka E, 2015]. Another possible method of using stem cells to achieve biological immortality would be to alter genes in order for more microRNAs to be produced. MicroRNAs are snippets of genetic material which can be linked to growth regulation in cells. MicroMRNAs keep cells dividing as they prevent stop signals that stop cells from dividing. Using microMRNAs, ageing stem cells could be made to keep dividing for a longer period of time therefore meaning that the stem cells would be able to maintain organs and tissues for longer. However, microRNAs have also been linked to the development of cancer when produced in abundance. Therefore, finding the right amount of microRNAs to boost ageing stem cells whilst also making sure that cancer growth and tumours arent created at the same time is essential. Scientists also have to identify which, out of the 200+ human microMRNAs, is responsible for keeping stem cells dividing [Boyle A, 2005]. There has been further research into embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. A gene has been discovered called Nanog in the embryonic stem cells which allowed it to remain youthful. This would allow for later research to be done in order to give adult stem cells the pluripotent properties of ESCs which would eliminate the need to harvest embryonic stem cells from blastocyts for medical treatments [Bhattacharya S, 2003]. Adult stem cells would become induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. This would now be able to rejuvenate other somatic cells (any cell making up an organism other than gametes and undifferentiated cells). The iPS cells would be able to create new somatic cells for an indefinite period of time. This would mean that cells lifespan would be able to be increased [West M.D, 2013]. Currently, stem cells are used in various rejuvenation therapies from degenerative and debilitating conditions to cosmetic and dermatological therapies. Stem cell transplants are also used to treat some forms of cancer such a leukaemia and lymphoma. The stem cells are adult stem cells which are either collected from the patient themselves or are donor stem cells. These stem cells are collected and transplanted in order to replace the stem cells killed in other cancer treatments [stem cell transplants, cancerresearchuk.org]. Some other stem cell therapies use donor placentas from healthy young mothers. Stem cell therapies are still not risk free, even when using the patients own stem cells, complications can arise. Whilst stem cells arent yet used to create organs for organ transplants, progress is being made in creating organs from scratch purely using stem cells. Working organs have been created, however it will be at least another 10 years of research and millions of pounds invested before the process is deemed fit to use on human patients [The Guardian, 2014]. What ethical concerns surround stem cell research? Stem cell research is opposed by a lot of people. The majority of those people are religious who believe that life starts at conception. This would mean that using blastocyts created through IVF for medical research would be equivalent to testing on living humans. Those who agree with stem cell research do not believe that life starts at conception and/or believe that the benefits of stem cell research and its future of curing various conditions outweigh the risks and harm[DS4]. Conclusion Stem cell research leads to an exciting future where current debilitating conditions will be able to be cured, ageing will be prevented and more will be discovered about how stem cells work and the many ways they can be harnessed to improve humans quality of life. In the future this could lead to life spans dramatically increasing, but is that necessarily a good thing? This could lead to various issues such as overpopulation and other social changes, such as a change in the age of retirement [Emanuel P, 2005]. Will stem cell research continue after we have found the key to biological immortality? Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dekkel Simmons and Andre Mostert for supporting me during the process of writing this scientific report. References Barras C. (2015) The animals and plants that can live forever. Bbc.co.uk Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/earth/story/20150622-can-anything-live-forever Accessed 29/8/16 Bhattacharya S. (2003) Stem cell immortality gene found. Newscientist.com Available at: https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3786-stem-cell-immortality-gene-found Accessed 29/8/16 Boyle A. (2005) Scientists find key to stem cell immortality. Nbcnews.com Available at: http://www.nbcnews.com/id/8135713/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/scientists-find-key-stem-cell-immortality/#.V8QLCo-cHIU Accessed 29/8/16 Despain, D (2010). How to achieve biological immortality naturally. Kuezweilai.net Available at: http://www.kurzweilai.net/how-to-achieve-biological-immortality-naturally Accessed 27/8/16 Emanuel P. (2005) Can stem cell research make us immortal? Quora.com Available at: https://www.quora.com/Can-stem-cell-research-make-us-immortal Accessed 29/8/16 Kirkwood, T.B (2005). Understanding the odd science of aging. Cell. Available at: http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(05)00101-7 Accessed 27/8/16 Radford, B (2012). Do People Really Die Of Old Age? Livescience.com Available at: http://www.livescience.com/32241-do-people-really-die-of-old-age.html Accessed 27/8/16 Silva H. and Conboy I.M. (2008) Aging and stem cell renewal. Stembook.org Available at: http://www.stembook.org/node/459.html Accessed 27/8/16 Stem cell transplants. Cancerresearchuk.org Available at: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancers-in-general/treatment/transplant/stem-cell-transplants Accessed 29/8/16 Tanaka E. (2015) Regeneration: what does it mean and how does it work? Eurostemcell.org Available at: http://www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/regeneration-what-does-it-mean-and-how-does-it-work Accessed 29/8/16 The Guardian (2014) Scientists hail creation of working organ made from laboratory cells. Thegaurdian.com Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/aug/24/lab-grown-cells-create-functioning-organ Accessed 29/8/16 Types of stem cells. Closerlookatstemcells.org Available at: http://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/learn-about-stem-cells/types-of-stem-cells Accessed 27/8/16 West M.D. (2013) How engineered stem cells may enable youthful immortality. Lifextension.com Available at: http://www.lifeextension.com/Magazine/2013/2/otc/Page-02 Accessed 29/8/16[DS5]     Ã‚  

The Importance Of Theoretical Frameworks For Understanding Foundations :: essays research papers

The Importance of Theoretical Frameworks For Understanding Foundations of Political Science The importance of theoretical frameworks is essential for understanding foundations for political science. The definition of the word framework is a theory which can be used as a lens to look at a set of facts. (E.g., journalist look at a set of facts that tell a story of what happened). These frameworks in political science help build a strong foundation and advocate a precise sense of racial balance in the political arena. A social scientist tries to organize a set of facts into systemic theoretical passion. The Social scientists are trying to accomplish the facts they create can be used to explain a theory that can be applied to other sets of facts. The importance of these frameworks helps people gather important information and compare and contrast their different strengths and weaknesses. The first traditional and most dominant framework to examine is Pluralism. Pluralism can generally be defined as group politics in a free market society. Pluralism takes its roots from the founding of the nation. James Madison saw the United States as a stronger nation if there was conflict rather than a consensus. Madison points out in Federalist #10 that citizens would be divided into many factions that would compete for benefits. The chief cause of division when Madison wrote this was economics in origin, but now race has emerged as a major factor in dividing American society. Robert Dali founder of Pluralism modernizes Madison's theory into theory of American democracy to incorporate into the theory of pluralism. Pluralism explains minority group politics in a process that attempts to show the strength of groups in the minority. In pluralism the theory assumes that there are non-cumulative inequalities in American politics. These inequalities would mean no group would be on the minority of a law being passed every time and that no group dominates every time either. The second part of the pluralism theory suggests that there is a multiple power center. A definition of multiple power center is when a minority group is denied access to influence one branch of government but may be able to influence politics or policy change in another part of the arena. Example, a group may be unable to pursue its goals of influence of the legislative branch but it might be able to influence the executive branch. The third assumption of the pluralist theory is non- cumulative groups have a number of political resources at their disposal. If a group does not have financial means it might make up for it numbers at the election booth.

Breast Implants Essay -- Srgumentative Persuasive

Breast Implants   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Why do women get breast implants? Do the breast implants make them feel good about themselves? Breast implants are a serious threat because, there are many risks involved, there are many disorders that are possible, and there are illnesses that you could catch after the operation. According to Marian Segal, many of the women who have had breast implants don’t exactly understand what is in their body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Silicone contains organic compounds, which have the physical properties of oils,resins or rubber, and which are more stable when exposed to heat and oxygen thanordinary organic substances. This is the same stuff that goes into your body making you think that you look good ( MS Bookshelf).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many procedures that need to be followed in order to get an application for silicone inflatable breasts (MS Encarta). There are various test, experimentation, and evaluations that need to be done ("Student Handbook"). The most important ones are the; Chemical Characterization, Pharmacokinetic Studies. These are all tests that the Plastic Surgery and Reconstructive Surgery Devices Branch Division of General Restorative Devices and the Office Of Device Evaluation all require (ODE documents 6).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Chemical Characterization, is an important test. It does all of the following. If fabrication of the device involves curing of polymeric components by chemical crosslinking, then data establishing should be provided. This may be done by a various met...

Disadvantages of Mobile

Disadvantages of Mobile Phones One might say that there are many advantages of mobile phones nowadays and there is no doubt about that. The main advantages is the mobility factor, you can bring your phone everywhere without missing a call, especially the important ones. With advantages there are disadvantages as well. The biggest disadvantages of owning your personal mobile phone. Not all the time it is advantageous, sometimes you are more capable without mobile phones. But if you look at it, mobile phones really did make life more easier and more convenient.Sometimes this convenience may become a disadvantage. Mobile phones make you a target for people who are in need and will probably rob you. Most of the marketed mobile phones are quiet expensive and this makes them very desirable for people with bad intentions and to steal them. Another greatest drawbacks of owning a mobile telephone. You have to be careful with it. Should you lost it somewhere, you cannot find it easily. If you place it about the roof of the car, do not overlook to take it off.If you forget, you will have a pancake instead than a telephone. It is not a pretty scene. Mobile phones are a great invention and almost a perfect technological breakthrough. Nevertheless, do not be fooled by these small and beautiful inventions because they carry danger within them. Now that you know most of the disadvantages of mobile phones. The big bulky price tag and losing your privacy are just two of the many disadvantages it carries. But still, mobile phones are something we cannot live without, and we bet you do too.

World War Two and the B-24 Bomber

Several aircraft from the World War Two era have achieved iconic status. The F4U Corsair, TBM Avenger and the B-17 and B-29 Super fortresses are all legendary in their service for the Allied cause. There is another such aircraft that never achieved the fame of those mentioned but was critical to the Allies war effort none the less. The Consolidated B-24 Liberator was the work horse of the Allied fleet. Its entrance into the war came at a critical and vulnerable time for Allied survival in Europe. After proving its effectiveness in early missions the B-24 would go on to be used in all theatres of the conflict.It was the most numerous, most versatile and possibly the most effective Allied plane of World War Two. The Design Stage The B-24 bomber was designed as part of the strategic bombing plans drawn up by the Allies in the 1930s. Built by Consolidated Aircraft of Ypsilanti, Michigan, the bomber took its first flight in late December of 1939. Consolidated was a subsidiary of the Ford Motor Company, an icon of American business. The Ford factory was able to produce more than four hundred B-24s per month. By 1941 the plane would enter wartime service. High demand in 1942-43 prompted Consolidated to expand its production facilities.The San Diego plant was increased to three times its original size. A new plant was built in Fort Worth, Texas. The flagship plant was built in Willow Run, Michigan in 1942. At the time this plant was the largest industrial plant of any kind in the United States. In the process thousands of Americans were put to work. The vastness of the Willow Run Plant made for some interesting accommodations. At a certain point in the assembly line the planes would be mechanically turned at a right angle. The purpose was to avoid having the planes crossing into a neighboring county where taxes were higher.Consolidated had received the contract to produce the B-17 bomber only one year earlier in 1938. After examining the capabilities of the B-17, the A rmy requested a faster and higher flying plane. The updated plans would result in the building of the B-24 Liberator. Designed as a strategic heavy bomber the airplane was affectionately referred to as the â€Å"Lumbering Lib† by the RAF pilots who used it to patrol the Atlantic. 2 â€Å"Liberator† would then be incorporated officially as part of the aircraft’s name. The plane almost immediately went into heavy production. A mainstay of the Army andNavy air forces, it was also used by the RAF (Royal Air Force) and the RCAF (Royal Canadian Air Force). The plane cost about $300,000 to build. By wars end over 19,000 B-24s had been built 3. This exceeds the total of any other Allied aircraft. 1. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies: Aviation of the Second World War. (San Francisco: Chronicle Books), p. 156. 2. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies: Aviation of the Second World War. (San Francisco: Chronicle Books), p. 157. 3. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation. (London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93.Bomber design was still in its infancy and the B-24 did have some problems. It was prone to fire due to the placement of its fuel tanks. The only way to enter or exit the plane was through the bomb bay, a difficult proposition in a crisis situation. It was also somewhat cumbersome to fly. The plane’s designers had to make these tradeoffs in order to maximize the performance and the long range capability of the aircraft. The plane was also somewhat vulnerable to enemy fire, given its relatively lightweight construction. The high altitude capability of the plane helped minimize this threat.There were a substantial number of orders for the plane even while it was still only a prototype. In addition to the three dozen ordered by the Army, the French and British had each ordered more than three times that number. The French order was cut short by the German invasion in 1940. The British received their order and immediately put the p lanes to use on critical missions. Introduction to the War Ultimately, the B-24 would serve a wide ranging role in all corners of the conflict. It would be used to â€Å"equip 45 groups all over the world† 4. The initial role for the B-24 was to conduct deep ocean patrols.The British were in dire need of a long range patrol aircraft, Prior to the arrival of B-24s in the Atlantic, German U-boats were wreaking havoc on Allied shipping. British reconnaissance activities had a limited range. The arrival of the B-24 allowed the Royal Air Force to patrol much farther out into the ocean. As a result the U-boats were driven back into areas where they could be more easily targeted. The ultimate result was impressive – â€Å"The arrival of radar-equipped RAF B-24s in _____________________________________________________________________ 4. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation.(London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. Ireland†¦temporarily ended sinkings in the mid-Atlanticà ¢â‚¬  5. In 1942 the British began to use the B-24 in long-range bombing missions in the Middle East. Up to this time the plane had primarily served in recon and transport functions. American entry in to the war also led to a buildup of forces in England. Had the RAF Atlantic patrols not been effective; it is likely that the buildup would have taken much longer and Britain may have been lost. â€Å"The Mighty Eighth† was among the early American air groups transferred to Britain 6. The eighth brought with them numerous B-17s and B-24s.As the British and American forces continued to gain their footing, their mission would gradually evolve from the Atlantic patrols to the long range bombing missions over Germany. In the early years of the war radar equipped B-24s proved more than a match for the German U-boat menace. The RAF was able to drive the U-boats out of the middle Atlantic, at least for a while. The Germans would make modifications to U-boat strategy to counter the eff ects of the B-24s, but safe passage for shipping at this vital stage would play an important role in stemming the German tide.The British were able to gain their footing and the Americans were able to get a foothold in Europe. By defeating u-boats, the allies established control of the Atlantic, Saved Britain and made possible the invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe. 7 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Charles Gross. 2002. American Military Aviation: The Indispensable Arm. (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press), p. 106. 6. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation. (London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 7. Charles Gross. 2002.American Military Aviation: The Indispensable Arm. (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press), p. 207. The plane would also become a key asset in the Pacific theater. With the B-29 still in development, U. S. forces needed a long-range bomber to cover the vast distances of th e Pacific Ocean. As additional bombers came on-line, the B-24 proved especially amenable to modification for different purposes. In that sense â€Å"It was altogether more versatile† than the B-17 and B-29 8. In the Pacific, the B-24 was considered the â€Å"standard† heavy bomber. Range was a primary asset of the B-24.Its ability to complete 2,000 mile missions without refueling made it possible to conduct missions far out at sea or over hostile territory. The plane could carry over 8,000 pounds of bombs. For defensive purposes, it was armed with ten . 50 caliber machine guns. The B-24 had been among the early generation of long-range bombers developed in between World Wars one and two. Even so, the aircraft boasted many new innovations and capabilities. Its design also allowed for great flexibility of use. Some B-24s were modified for use in reconnaissance missions. Their high altitude capabilities added to their effectiveness in this role.The B-24s engines also had the power for the plane to be used in transport of materials and personnel. A few were used as fuel tankers. The B-24 was even used as a VIP transport plane. The Prime Minister of Britain, Winston Churchill, used one as his personal transport plane. Turbo supercharged engines were first added to the XB-24B model along with body armor and self sealing tanks. Power driven turrets and additional nose guns were added to the 24C. The development of the Norden bombsight enabled the B-24 to drop its bombs accurately from a vertical distance of up to five miles.All in all the B-24 8. Christopher Chant. 1992. The Military History of the United States (Vol. 9). (New York: Marshall Cavendish), p. 91. Liberator was a fearsome weapon of war. The Liberator: †¦had the defensive firepower and high altitude performance to fight their way through screens of Axis fighters and then deliver their bombs with pinpoint accuracy. 9 The B-24H produced in 1943 was an even more formidable weapon. This ver sion had a power-operated gun turret in the nose of the aircraft. It also had an auto pilot system and a refueling system.An improved version of the Norden bombsight provided even better bomb accuracy. Analysis and Conclusion The B-24 Liberator filled a critical gap in the offensive and defensive capabilities of the Allied air forces. It was heavily relied upon throughout the war. In the early part of the war it provided a vital strike capability against the German U-boats in the Atlantic. The B-24 also proved itself in peace time. It was used well into the 1950s by the Coast Guard for rescue and weather recon missions. Near the end of the war and half a world away a B-24 launched the first radar guided air to ground missile in 1945.At the beginning of the war long-range bombing formation tactics were still in their infancy. Losses for the B-17 and the B-24 were high. As the war continued, tactics improved and the B-24 in particular became more effective. The B-24 was flexible enoug h to be used in all theaters of the war. Not only was it a constant presence in Europe and the Pacific; it also performed well in Africa, India and the Middle East. The Liberator ultimately made its name in the Battle of the Atlantic. The â€Å"Atlantic ________________________________________________________________________ 9. Christopher Chant. 1992.The Military History of the United States (Vol. 9). (New York: Marshall Cavendish), p. 126. Gap† was an area of the ocean where German submarines had previously operated with impunity. This threatened to cut of England from critical military and humanitarian supplies. The B-24 was the first aircraft with the range to effectively patrol the gap. For this reason it has been credited by some with saving Britain. It is possible that without them, attrition could have weakened Britain to the point where they were vulnerable to invasion. The redesigns of the B-24 were both effective and creative.Many of the ideas for these modificatio ns came from soldiers in the field. In one example, soldiers used a damaged B-24 to design a transport plane. Back in the United States, Consolidated put their ideas into mass production. The B-24 was rugged, innovative and flexible. It might be argued that its greatest effect on the war came from the sheer number of planes produced. More B-24s flew in the war than any other plane. The Ford Motor company was the unquestioned master of mass production. It had an unrivaled ability to produce huge numbers of machines very quickly.It is this type of industrial might that eventually overwhelmed the Axis powers. The B-24 Liberator was symbolic of that power. Notes 1. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies: Aviation of the Second World War. (San Francisco: Chronicle Books), p. 156. 2. Philip Makanna. 1995. Ghosts in the Skies: Aviation of the Second World War. (San Francisco: Chronicle Books), p. 157. 3. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation. (London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 4. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation. (London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 5. Charles Gross. 2002.American Military Aviation: The Indispensable Arm. (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press), p. 106. 6. Bill Gunston. 2000. History of Military Aviation. (London: Hamlyn Pub. ), p. 93. 7. Charles Gross. 2002. American Military Aviation: The Indispensable Arm. (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press), p. 207. 8. Christopher Chant. 1992. The Military History of the United States (Vol. 9). (New York: Marshall Cavendish), p. 91. 9. Christopher Chant. 1992. The Military History of the United States (Vol. 9). (New York: Marshall Cavendish), p. 126.